Determining the time since death of an individual from skeletal remains is a challenging stage. In determination of time since death, climate conditions, environmental factors, conditions such as whether the body was buried or not, and genetic and personal factors must be evaluated all together. With these factors changing and with the exposure duration growing longer, changes occur in the morphology of the bone might increase. In this study, as part of an investigation, bones which had been found in a water-well during an excavation work in Mardin was used. After 36 pieces of bone that belong to a human were analyzed, it was found that the bones had lost most of their weight and density, that they were considerably fragile, that their medulla was emptied, and that there were intense erosions on the surfaces of bony tissue. While under normal circumstances and under the condition that it was a buried body it would take at least 50 years for these changes to occur, considering that the bones remained in water for a very long time, the corrosion had to be much more than expected. With the DNA comparison, it was found that the bones belonged to people who were claimed to have been killed in the 90’s. In this study, it was aimed to determine the time of death of remains which were reported to have stayed in contact with water, and to study the effect of the environmental circumstances in which the bodies are found on the bones
___
1. Cardoso HF, Santos A, Dias R, Garcia C, Pinto M, Sérgio Magalhães T. Establishing a minimum postmortem interval of human remains in an advanced state of skeletonization using the growth rate of bryophytes and plant roots. Int J Legal Med. 2010;124(5):451-6.
2. Lee Goff M. Early post-mortem changes and stages of decomposition in exposed cadavers. ExpApplAcarol. 2009;49(1- 2):21-36.
3. Micozzi MS. Experimental study of postmortem change under field conditions: Effects of freezing, thawing, and mechanical injury. J Forensic Sci. 1986;31(3):953-61.
4. Komar DA. Decay rates in a cold climate region: A review of cases involving advanced decomposition from the Medical Examiner's Office in Edmonton, Alberta. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43(1):57-61.
5. Galloway A, Snodgrass JJ. Biological and chemical hazards of forensic skeletal analysis. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43(5):940-8.
6. Vass AA, Bass WM, Wolt JD, Foss JE, Ammons JT. Time since death determinations of human cadavers using soil solution. J Forensic Sci. 1992;37(5):1236-53.
7. Rodríguez-Martín C, Bass WM. Decomposition of Buried Bodies and MethodsThat May Aid in Their Location. J Forensic Sci. 1985;30(3):836-52.
8. Mann RW, Bass WM, Meadows L. Time since death and decomposition of the human body: Variables and observations in case and experimental field studies. J Forensic Sci. 1990;35(1):103-11.
9. Aturaliya S, Lukasewycz A. Experimental forensic and bioanthropological aspects of soft tissue taphonomy: 1. Factors influencing postmortem tissue desiccation rate. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44(5):893-6.
10. Pickering R, Bachman D. Determination of time since death. In: The Use of Forensic Anthropology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc., 2009;113-9.
11. Adams BJ. Assessing Trauma and Time Since Death. In: Inside Forensic Science: Forensic Anthropology. New York: Chelsea House, 2007;50-64.
12. Wieberg DA, Wescott DJ. Estimating the timing of long bone fractures: Correlation between the postmortem interval, bone moisture content, and blunt force trauma fracture characteristics. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53(5):1028-34.
13. Komar D, Beattie O. Postmortem insect activity may mimic perimortem sexual assault clothing patterns. J Forensic Sci. 1998;43(4):792-6.
14. Voss SC, Forbes SL, Dadour IR. Decomposition and insect succession on cadavers inside a vehicle environment. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2008;4(1):22-32.
15. Rodríguez-Martín C, Bass WM. Insect activity and its relationship to decay rates of human cadavers in East Tennessee. J Forensic Sci. 1983;28(2):423-32.
16. Willey P, Heilman A. Estimating time since death using plant roots and stems. J Forensic Sci. 1987;32(5):1264-70.
17. Yoshino M, Kimijima T, Miyasaka S, Sato H, Seta S. Microscopical study on estimation of time since death in skeletal remains. Forensic Sci Int. 1991;49(2):143-58.
18. Maclaughlin-Black SM, Herd RJ, Willson K, Myers M, West IE. Strontium-90 as an indicator of time since death: A pilot investigation. Forensic Sci Int. 1992;57(1):51-6.
19. Swift B. Dating human skeletal remains: Investigating the viability of measuring the equilibrium between 210Po and 210Pb as a means of estimating the post-mortem interval. Forensic Sci Int. 1998;98(1-2):119-26.
20. Neis P, Hille R, Paschke M, Pilwat G, Schnabel A, Niess C Bratzke H. Strontium90 for determination of time since death. Forensic Sci Int. 1999;99(1):47-51.
21. Introna FJ, Di Vella G, Campobasso CP. Determination of postmortem interval from old skeletal remains by image analysis of luminol test results. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44(3):535-8.
22. Swift B, Lauder I, Black S, Norris J. An estimation of the postmortem interval in human skeletal remains: A radionuclide and trace element approach. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;117(1-2):73-87.
23. Ubelaker DH, Buchholz BA, Stewart JE. Analysis of artificial radiocarbon in different skeletal and dental tissue types to evaluate date of death. J Forensic Sci. 2006;51(3):484-8.
24. Ramsthaler F, Kreutz K, Zipp K, Verhoff MA. Dating skeletal remains with luminol-chemiluminescence. Validity, intra- and interobserver error. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;187(1-3):47-50
25. Schwarcz HP, Agur K, Jantz LM. A new method for determination of postmortem interval: Citrate content of bone. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(6):1516-22.
26. Ramsthaler F, Ebach SC, Birngruber CG, Verhoff MA. Postmortem interval of skeletal remains through the detection of intraosseal hemin traces. A comparison of UV-fluorescence, luminol, Hexagon-OBTI®, and Combur® tests. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;209(1-3):59-63.
27. Schrag B, Uldin T, Mangin P, Froidevaux P. Dating human skeletal remains using a radiometric method: Biogenic versus diagenetic 90Sr and 210Pb in vertebrae. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;220(1-3):271-8.
28. Forbes SL, Stuart BH, Dent BB. The effect of the burial environment on adipocere formation. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;154(1):24-34.
29. Ubelaker DH, Zarenko KM. Adipocere: What is known after over two centuries of research. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;208(1- 3):167-72.
30. Christensen AM, Myers SW. Macroscopic observations of the effects of varying fresh water pH on bone. J Forensic Sci. 2011;56(2):475-9.
31. Rothschild MA, Schmidt V, Schneider V. Adipocere--problems in estimating the length of time since death. Med Law. 1996;15(2):329-35.