Massimiliano TRENTIN

4615

Kuvvet ve Entegrasyon: Avro-Akdeniz İlişkilerine Tarihsel Bir Bakış

Bu makale, Avrupa Birliğinin son zamanlardaki girişimlerinin geçmişle bugün arasında bir süreklilik mi yoksa kopuş manasına mı geldiğini anlamak için Akdeniz alanının arka planında işleyen güç ilişkilerinin uluslararası ilişkilerini analiz etmeyi amaçlar. Temel fikir, Avrupa Birliğinin Akdeniz alanını Güney ve Doğu Ülkelerinin pazarlarına serbestçe erişebilmek amacıyla, tıpkı 19. ve 20. Yüzyılda Avrupalı güçlerin yaptıkları gibi şekillendirmeyi amaçladığıdır. Levanten döneminde, piyasa elit entegrasyonunu güçlendirmek için ihtiyaç duyulan işbirliği ve rıza unsurları, Avrupa liderliğindeki ekonomik ve siyasi düzeni muhalif ve direnen güçlere kabul ettirmek için kullanılan, zorlayıcı ve çatışmacı ögelerle, birleştirilmişti. Geçmişle karşılaştırıldığında Avrupa Birliği, diğerlerini, neo-liberal düzene uyuma zorlama konusunda, sadece kısmi bir başarı elde etmiştir. Tam başarılı olamamasının nedeni Avrupa Birliği’nin ortaklarını ve rakiplerini zorlayacak anlamlı bir siyasi ve askeri kapasitesinin olmamasıdır. Avrupa’daki ve Akdeniz’deki liberal güçlerin karşı karşıya olduğu kriz “devlet egemenliğine” ve insanların, malların ve fikirlerin akışı üzerinde kontrol tesis edildiği döneme geri dönülmesi gerektiğini savunan güçleri büyütmüştür. Bu durum 1950lerdeki ve1970lerin ortalarındaki koloni sonrası dönemi çağrıştırır. Bu dönemde devletler ellerindeki gücü ve zenginliği korumak veya bununla ilgili asimetrilerin üstesinden gelebilmek için müzakerelerde sıkı ve sert pozisyon almışlar ve dış müdahalelere karşı direnmişlerdir. Unutulmamalıdır ki, merkeziyetçi devlet o dönemin temel siyasi ve kurumsal itici gücüdür. Günümüzde ise, Akdeniz’deki gibi birbirine bağlanmış, laikleşmiş ve farklılaşmış toplumlara sahip devletlerin ekonomi ve kamusal alan üzerinde tekel olma iddiasını sürdürebilmeleri oldukça zordur

Power and Integration. An Historical Overview on Euro- Mediterranean Relations

This contribution aims to analyze the power relations underlying the international relations of theMediterranean space since the late XIX century in order to assess if and how the most recent initiativesimplemented by the European Union (EU) represent continuity or discontinuity with the modern past.The main idea is that the European Union has tried to shape the Mediterranean space along its basicpreference for free access to the markets of the southern and eastern countries of the Mediterranean,similar to what European powers did in late XIX and early XX century: the liberal order of the “Levantine”period combined the patterns of cooperation and consent, which were needed to foster market and eliteintegration, with those of conflict and coercion, which in turn were required to enforce the Europeanledeconomic and political order against restive and opposition forces. Compared to the past, however,the European Union has succeeded only partially in enforcing a “neo-liberal order” because it lacksmeaningful political and military capacity for coercion against partners and rivals. The current crisisof liberal forces across Europe and the Mediterranean has enhanced those forces advocating a returnto “state sovereignty” and control over flows of people, goods and ideas. This might recall the earlypostcolonial period of the 1950s and mid-1970s where the states struggled either to retain power andwealth, or overcome related asymmetries, by standing firm and “tough” in negotiations and resistingforeign interventions. However, if the centralized state was the main political and institutional driver ofthat period, it is highly difficult that today current states might effectively claim a monopoly over theeconomy and the public space on highly differentiated, secularized and interconnected societies likethe Mediterranean ones.
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Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi-Cover
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2013
  • Yayıncı: Marmara Üniversitesi
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Kuvvet ve Entegrasyon: Avro-Akdeniz İlişkilerine Tarihsel Bir Bakış

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Sezgi DURGUN

Birlikten Ziyade Entegre Bir Bölge: Akdeniz

Deniz GENÇ, Erhan DOĞAN