19126

Hıristiyan Manastırcılığının Doğuşu

Öz: Makalenin amacı Hıristiyan manastırcılığının ortaya çıkışı problemini yapılan yeni çalışmalarışığında ele almaktır. Manastırlar Hıristiyan asketizminin tatbik edildiği kurumsal yapılardır; bunedenle ilk olarak asketizm ve manastırcılık ilişkisi ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra özellikle Protestanakademinin tartıştığı menşe probleminin mahiyeti üzerinde durularak, neden özellikle bu konuüzerinde durulduğu sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Manastırcılığın doğuşu ile ilgili geleneksel teorigeniş olarak analiz edilmiş ve ardından bu teori yeni bulgular ve çalışmalar ışığında kritik edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Hıristiyan Asketizmi, Manastırcılık, Çöl Babaları, Aziz Antonius, Pakhomius,Manastırların Menşei.The Origins of Christian MonasticismAbstract: The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the problem of the origins of monasticism inthe light of the findings of recent scholarship. Monasteries are institutional bodies to practiceChristian asceticism; hence we first discuss the relationship between Christian asceticism andmonasteries. We then move on to discuss the problem of the origins of monasticism—raisedmainly by the Protestant scholars—and discuss the question why this problem had priority overothers. A detailed analysis of the traditional theory for the origins of monasticism will follow.Lastly, we evaluate the traditional theory of monastic origins in the light of the findings of recentscholarship.Keywords: Christian Asceticism, Monasticism, Desert Fathers, Anthony, Pachomius, MonasticOrigins.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hıristiyan Asketizmi, Manastırcılık, Çöl Babaları, Aziz Antonius, Pakhomius, Manastırların Menşei.

-

The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the problem of the origins of monasticism in the light of the findings of recent scholarship. Monasteries are institutional bodies to practice Christian asceticism; hence we first discuss the relationship between Christian asceticism and monasteries. We then move on to discuss the problem of the origins of monasticism—raised mainly by the Protestant scholars—and discuss the question why this problem had priority over others. A detailed analysis of the traditional theory for the origins of monasticism will follow. Lastly, we evaluate the traditional theory of monastic origins in the light of the findings of recent scholarship.

Keywords:

Christian Asceticism, Monasticism, Desert Fathers, Anthony, Pachomius, Monastic Origins.,

PDF

___

Apophtegmata Patrum, The Sayings of the Desert Fathers: the Alphabetical Collection, Benedicta Ward (çev.), Kalamazoo 1975.
Athanasius, Athanasius: The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus, Robert C. Gregg (çev.), New York 1980.
Baş, Bilal, “Bir Hıristiyan Mezhebi Olarak Aryüsçülük”, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1999), Marmara Üniversitesi SBE.
Bousset, Wilhelm. Apophthegmata: Studien zur Geschichte des ältesten Mönchtums, Tübingen 1923.
Brakke, David. Athanasius and Asceticism, Baltimore 1998.
Brown, Peter, “Asceticism: Pagan and Christian”, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 13, The Late Empire, A.D. 337-425, Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (derl.), Cambridge 2008, s. 601-31.
Caner, Daniel, Wandering, Begging Monks: Spiritual Authority and the Promotion of Monasticism in Late Antiquity, Berkeley and Los Angeles 2002.
Chitty, Derwas J. The Letters of St. Antony the Great, Fairacres, Oxford 1974.
———, The Desert a City: An Introduction to the Study of Egytian and Palestinian Monasticism under the Christian Empire, Crestwood, NY 1999.
Clark, Elizabeth Ann. Reading Renunciation: Asceticism and Scripture in Early Christianity, Princeton 1999.
Desprez, Vincent. “Pachomian Cenobitism” (I ve II), American Benedictine Review, sy. 43 (1992), s. 233-49 ve 358-394.
Dörries, Hermann. “Die Vita Antonii als Geschichtsquelle”, Wort und Stunde, I, Göttingen 1966-70.
Drobner, Hubertus R., The Fathers of the Church: A Comphrehensive Introduction, Siegfried S. Schatzmann (İngilizce’ye çev.), Peabody, Massachusetts 2007. Evagrius of Pontus, Evagrius of Pontus: The Greek Ascetical Corpus, Robert E. Sinkewicz (çev.), Oxford Early Christian Studies, Oxford 2003.
Frend, W.H.C., The Early Church, Minneapolis 1994.
Goehring, J. E. “The Origins of Monasticism”, Eusebius, Judaism, and Christianity. H.W. Attridge, G. Hata (derl.), Leiden and New York 1992, s. 235-55.
Goehring, James E., Ascetics, Society, and the Desert: Studies in Early Egyptian Monasticism, Harrisburg, Pa. 1999.
Gould, Graham E., “The Life of Anthony and the Origins of Christian Monasticism in Fourth-Century Egypt”, Medieval History, sy. 1 (1991), s. 3-11.
Guillaumont, A. Aux origines du monachisme chrétien: Pour une phénoménologie du monachisme, Bégrolles-en-Mauges 1979.
Gürkan, Salime Leyla, “Manastır”, DİA, XXVII, s. 558-560. Helvétius, Anne-Marie and Michel Kaplan, “Asceticism and Its Institutions”, Cambridge History of Christianity, vol. 1, Origins to Constantine, Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young (derl.), Cambridge 2006, s. 275-98.
Heussi, K., Der Ursprung des Mönchtums, Tübingen 1936.
Kaelber, Lutz, “Monasticism: Christian Monasticism”, Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition, IX, New York 2004, s. 6131-36.
Kardong, T. G. “The Monastic Practices of Pachomius and the Pachomians”, Studia Monastica, sy. 32 (1990), s. 59-77.
Louth, Andrew, “The Literature of the Monastic Movement”, The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature, Francis Young, Lewis Ayres ve Andrew Louth (drl.), Cambridge 2004, s. 373-81.
Mango, Cyril, Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome, London 1980.
O’Neill, J. C. “The Origins of Monasticism”, The Making of Orthodoxy: Essays in Honour of Henry Chadwick, Rowan Williams (derl.), Cambridge 1989, s. 270
Quasten, Johannes, Patrology, III, The Golden Age of Greek Patristic Literature, From the Council of Nicaea to the Council of Chalcedon, Notre Dame, IN 1950.
Rousseau, Philip, “Monasticism”, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 14, Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425–600, Averil Cameron, Bryan WardPerkins, Michael Whitby (derl.), Cambridge 2008, s. 745-80.
———, Pachomius: The Making of a Community in Fourth-Century Egypt, Berkeley 19 Rubenson, Samuel. “Asceticism and Monasticism, I: Eastern,” Cambridge History of Christianity, Vol. 2, Constantine to c. 600, Augustine Casiday and Frederick W. Norris (derl.) Cambridge 2008, s. 637-68.
———, “Christian Asceticism and the Emergence of the Monastic Tradition,” Asceticism, Vincent L. Wimbush and Richard Valantasis (derl.), New York 19 ———, The Letters of St. Antony: Monasticism and the Making of a Saint, Minneapolis 19 Steward, Columba, “Anthony of the Desert”, The Early Christian World, Philip F. Esler (derl.), New York 2000, 2:1088-1101.
Talbot, Alice-Mary, “An Introduction to Byzantine Monasticism”, Illinois Classical Studies, Vol. XII, No. 2 (Fall 1987), s. 229. Türkçe çevirisi, “Bizans Manastır Sistemine Giriş”, Özden Arıkan (çev.), Cogito, sy. 17 (1999), s. 161-176.
Taylor, Charles. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1989.
Uludağ, Süleyman, “Ruhbanlık ve Tasavvuf”, Tasavvuf: İlmi ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, sy. 13 (2004), s. 9-23.
Weckman, George, “Monasticism: An Overview”, Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition, IX, New York: Thomson Gale, 2004, s. 6121-26.
Wenderbourg, Dorothea, “Monasticism”, The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Erwin Fahlbusch et al. (derl.), III, Leiden: Brill, 2003, s. 624-31.
Wisse, Frederik, “Gnosticism and Early Monasticism in Egypt”, Gnosis, Festschrift Hans Jonas, Barbara Aland (derl.), Göttingen, 1978.