Neotectonics and Geothermal potential of the East Anatolian Tectonic Block: A case study in Diyadin (Ağrı) geothermal field, NE Turkiye

Neotectonics and Geothermal potential of the East Anatolian Tectonic Block: A case study in Diyadin (Ağrı) geothermal field, NE Turkiye

The study area is Diyadin, which is situated 71 km ESE of Ağrı very close to the Turkish-Iranian State border. It is one of several type localities of promising geothermal fields in the Eastern Anatolia. The neotectonic regime and related structures are dominated by a strike-slip tectonic regime governed by a stress field in the Eastern Anatolia where the greatest principal stress (σ1) is operating in NNW direction (N22°W) while the least principal stress (σ3) is N68°E. This stress field state was proved once more by the tensor solution of the 12 June 2022 Akçift (Muradiye-Van) earthquake of Mw = 5.1. The strike-slip neotectonic regime started at the time of latest Pliocene-early Quaternary and then triggered the first occurrence of the fissure eruption along the NNW trending Kaletepe open fracture. This event was followed by the development of both the two-peaked Tendürek strato-shild volcano and the Diyadin geothermal field (DGF). The geothermal potential of the DGF is high and its most common manifestations are the active tectonic regime and related faults (extensional horse tail strucure), active volcanoes (Tendürek and Ağrı volcanoes), fumeroles, numerous hot water springs to artesian wells, widespread iron-rich alteration zones, actively growing fissure-ridge travertines and the probable presence of the unroofed hypabyssal felsic to intermediate intrusions of Quaternary age at the roots and their near environs of the isolated Quaternary volcanoes in the Eastern Anatolia. In addition, some significant similarities and contrasts are seen between the DGF and the IGF when they are compared.

___

  • Açlan, M., Duruk, H. İ. 2018. Geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology, and tectonic setting of the Taşlıçay Granitoids, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 11 (36) 1-19.
  • Açlan, M., Turgut, İ. K. 2017. Şekerbulak (Diyadin-Ağrı) dolaylarında yüzeyleyen volkanik kayaçların mineralojik-petrografik ve jeokimyasal özellikleri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 32 (4) 163-174.
  • Aghajany, S. H., Voosoghi, B., Yazdian, A. 2017. Estimation of north Tabriz fault parameters using neural networks and 3D tropospherically corrected surface displacement field. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 8 (2) 918-932.
  • Akın, U., Ulugergerli, E. U., Kutlu, S. 2014. Turkiye jeotermal potansiyelinin ısı akısı hesaplamasıyla değerlendirilmesi. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 149, 205-214.
  • Aksoy, E., Tatar, Y. 1990. Van ili doğu-kuzeydoğu yöresinin stratigrafisi ve tektonigi. TÜBITAK Doğa Dergisi 14, 628-644.
  • Aksoy, E., İnceoz, M., Koçyiğit, A. 2007. Lake Hazar basin: a negative fl ower structure on the East Anatolian fault system (EAFS), SE Turkiye. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 319–338.
  • Altunel, E. 1996. Pamukkale travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri, yaşları ve neotektonik önemleri. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 118, 47-64.
  • Altunel, E., Hancock. P. L. 1993. Active fissuring and faulting in Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, western Turkey. Geomorphology 94, 285-302.
  • Altunel, E., Karabacak, V. 2005. Determination of horizontal extension from fissure-ridge travertines: a case study from the Denizli Basin, southwestern Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 333-342.
  • Ambraseys, N. N., Jackson, J. A. 1998. Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International 133, 390-406.
  • Arpat, E., Şaroğlu, F., Iz, H. B., 1977. Çaldıran depremi. Yeryuvarı ve İnsan 2, 29-41.
  • Atabey, E. 2002. The formation of fissure ridge type laminated travertine-tufa deposits microscopical cheacteristics and diagenesis, Kirşehir, central Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 123-124,59-65.
  • Avagyan, A., Sosson, M., Philip, H., Karakhanian, A., Rolland, Y., Melkonyan, R., Rebai, S., Davtyan, V. 2005. Neogene to Quaternary stress field evolution in Lesser Caucasus and adjacent regions using fault kinematics analysis and volcanic cluster data. Geodinamica Acta 18 (6) 401-416.
  • Aydın, H., Karakuş, H., Mutlu, H. 2020. Hydrogeochemistry of geothermal waters in eastern Turkey: Geochemical and isotopic constraints on waterrock interaction. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 390, 106708.
  • Aydın, İ., Karat, H. İ., Koçak, A. 2005. Curie point depths map of Turkey. GJI Volcanology, geothermics fluids and rocks 162, 633-640.
  • Barazangi, M., Sandvol, E., Seber, D. 2006. Structure and Tectonic Evolution of the Anatolian Plateau in Eastern Turkey. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 409, 463–473.
  • Basel, E. D. K., Serpen, U., Satman, A. 2010. Turkey’s geothermal Energy potential: updated results. Proceedings, Thirthy-Fifth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 1-3.
  • Batini, F., Brogi, A., Lazzarotto, A., Liotta, D., Pandeli, E. 2003. Geological features of Larderello-Travale and Mt. Amiata geothermal areas (Southern Tuscany, Italy). Episodes 26(3), 239-244.
  • Bozkuş, C., Demir, M., Kurtuluş, B. 2010. Iğdır ve yakın çevresinin depremselliği. ReaserchGate, 15.
  • Brogi, A., Capezzuoli, B. 2009. Travertine deposition and faulting: the fault-related travertine fissure-ridge at Terme S. Giovanni, Rapolano Terme (Italy). International Journal of Earth Sciences 98, 931- 947.
  • Brogi, A., Capezzuoli, A., Costantini, A., Gandin, A., Lazzarotto, A. 2005. Tectonics and travertines relationship in the Rapolano Terme area (Northern Apennines, Italy). Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Travertine, 142-148.
  • Brogi, A., Capezzuoli, E., Karabacak, V., Alçiçek, M.C., Luo, L. 2021. Fissure Ridges: A Reappraisal of Faulting and Travertine Deposition (Travitonics). Geosciences 2021, 11, 278.
  • Canbaz, C. H., Temizel, C., Palabiyik, Y., Balıkçıoğlu, A., Yılmaz, I. Ö., Aytuna, S., Ranjith, R. 2020. Evaluation of Geothermal Potential of Turkey as an Alternative Source of Energy Under Demand and Supply Dynamics of Other Energy Resources. Conference paper. Turkey IV. Scientific and Technical Petroleum Congress, 20 December 2020 in Turkey.
  • Copley, A., Jackson, J. 2006. Active tectonics of the TurkishIranian Plateau. Tectonics 25, 1–19.
  • Çolak, S., Aksoy, E., Kocyiğit, A., Inceoz, M. 2012. PaluUluova strike-slip basin on the East Anatolian Fault System, Turkey: transition from paleotectonic period to neotectonic period. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21 (4), 547-570.
  • De Filippis, L., Anzalone, E., Billi, A., Faccenna, C., Poncia, P. P., Sella, P. 2013. The origin and growth of a recently-active fissure ridge travertine over a seismic fault, Tivoli, Italy. Geomorphology 195,13–26.
  • Demirel, V., Ozkan, H. 2000. Ağri-Diyadin MT-2, 3 and 4 Geothermal Well Drilling, Completion Report. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Report No. 10451, 1-14 (in Turkish).
  • Demir, S. 2006. Hydrogeological investigation and Detection of the Origin of Thermal Waters in Diyadin. Istanbul Technical Univ. MSc Thesis (in Turkish).
  • Demirkıran, Z., Elçi, H. 2022. Urganlı (Manisa) Travertenlerinin Morfolojik Özellikleri ve Tektonizma ile İlişkisi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 10(3), 1027-1042.
  • Dewey, J. F., Hempton, M. R., Kidd, W. S. F., Şaroğlu, F., Şengör, A. M. C. 1986. Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of eastern Anatolia-a young collision zone. Collision Tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication 19, 3-36.
  • Doğan, U., Koçyiğit, A., Yılmaz, E. 2019. Geomorphological evolutionary history of the Melendiz River Valley, Cappadocia, Turkey .Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews 1, 203-222.
  • Dhont, D., Chorowicz, J. 2006. Review of the neotectonics of the Eastern Turkish-Armenian Plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery. International Journal of Earth Sciences 95, 34-49.
  • Djamour, Y., Andrnant, P., Nankali, H. R., Tavakoli, F. 2011. NW Iran-eastern Turkey present-day kinematics: Results from the Iranian permanent GPS network.
  • Earth and Planetary Science Letters 307, 27–34.
  • Elitok, Ö., Dolmaz, M. N. 2014. Mantle flow-induced crustal thinning in the area between the easternmost part of the Anatolian plate and the Arabian Foreland (E Turkey) deduced from the geological and geophysical data. Gondwana Research 13, 302318.
  • Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Elmacı, H., Olgun, Ş., Özalp, S. 2012. 1/250.000 ölçekli Türkiye Diri Fay Haritası Serisi, Doğubayazıt (NJ 38-2) nolu pafta seri No. 54, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Özalp, S., Şaroğlu, F., Olgun, Ş., Elmacı, H., Çan, T. 2018. Active fault databese of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16(8), 3229-3275.
  • Ercan, T., Fujitani, T., Madsuda, J., Nodsu, K., Tokel, S., Tadahide, U. I. 1990. Doğu ve Güney-doğu Anadolu Neojen-Kuvaterner volkanitlerine ilişkin yeni jeokimyasal, radyometrik ve izotopik verilerin yorumu. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 110, 143-164.
  • Ercan, T., Keskin, İ., Dönmez, M. 1993. Eleşkirt (Ağrı) Yöresindeki Tersiyer Yaşlı Volkanizmanın Jeokimyasal Özellikleri ve Bölgesel Yayılımı. Jeoloji Mühendisleri Dergisi 42, 74-88.
  • Ercan, T., Sümengen, M. 2018. Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Doğubayazıt Paftası, No. 254. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Ankara (unpublished), Türkiye.
  • Esirtgen, T., Hepsen, N. 2018. Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Doğubayazıt J51 Paftası, No. 256. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Giovanni, B., Guido, C., Adolfo, F. 2005. Characteristics of Geothermal Fields in Italy. Giornale di Geologia Applicata 1, 247 -254.
  • Güneyli, H., Yaman, M., Yıldırım, V. 2020. Çaldıran Fayı’nın Çaldıran İlçesi Dolayında Paleosismolojik ve Neotektonik Özellikler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 35(2), 279-293.
  • Hancock, P. L., Chalmers, R. M. L., Altunel, E., Çakır, Z. 1999. Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies. Journal of Structural Geology 21, 903916.
  • Hempton, M. R. 1987. Constraints on Arabian plate motion and extensional history of the Red Sea. Tectonics 6, 687-705.
  • Hessami, K., Pantosti, D., Tabassi, H., Shabanian, E., Abbassi, M. R., Feghhi, K., Solaymani, S. 2003. Paleoearthquakes and slip rates of the North Tabriz Fault, NW Iran: Preliminary results. Annales de Geophysique, 46, 903-916.
  • Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Pasquare, G., Radicati, F., Villan, L. 1976. Evolution of the volcanism in the area of interaction between the Arabian, Anatolian, and Iranian plates (Lake Van., Eastern Turkey). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1,103-112.
  • Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Päsquare, G., Scrri, G., Villari, L. 1980. Geology of the volcanic area north of Lake Van (Turkey). Geologische Rundschau 69(1), 292-323.
  • Jackson, J. 1992. Partitioning of strike‐slip and convergent motion between Eurasia and Arabia in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 97, 12471-12479.
  • Kalender, L., Öztekin, Ö., İnceöz, M., Çetindağı. B., Yıldırım, V. 2015. Geochemistry of travertine deposits in the Eastern Anatolia District: an example of the Karakoçan-Yoğunağaç (Elazığ) and Mazgirt-Dedebağ (Tunceli) travertines, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 24, 1-20.
  • Kansun, G., Afzali, A. O., Üçgün, F. 2020. The Stratigraphic and Petrographic Properties of the Rocks in Davut -Tazekent Vicinity, Diyadin-Ağrı-Turkey. European Journal of Science and Technology Special Issue 528-551.
  • Karabacak, V. 2007. Ihlara vadisi (Orta Anadolu) travertenlerinin genel ozellikleri ve kabuksal deformasyon açısından onemleri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Universitesi Muhendislik Mimarlık Fakultesi Dergisi 20, 65-82 (in Turkish).
  • Karabacak, V., Mutlu, H. 2019. Sarıhıdır Travertenlerinin (Avanos) jeokronolojik ve İzotopik Sistemleri: Acıgöl ve Erciyes Volkanizmasına Ait Geç Kuvaterner Kabuk deformas-yonu tarihlendirilmesi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Project Number:118Y069, 96.
  • Karakhanian, A., Djrbashian, R., Trifonov, V., Philip, H., Arakelian, S., Avagian, A. 2002. Holocenehistorical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factor for Armenia and adjacent countries. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 113 (1– 2), 319-344.
  • Karakhanian, A. S., Trifonov, V. G., Philip, H., Avagyan, A., Hessami, K. 2004. Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia, eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. Tectonophysics 380,189-219.
  • Keskin, M. 2003. Magma generation by slab steepening and slab-breakoff beneath a subduction accretion complex: an alternative model for collisionrelated volcanism in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 8046–8050.
  • King, G. C. P., Nabelek, J. L. 1985. Role of Fault Bends in the Initiation and Termination of Earthquake Rupture. Science 228, 983-987.
  • Kıral, K., Çağlayan, A. 1980. Kağızman (Kars)-Taşlıçay (Ağrı) dolayının Jeolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeooji Etütleri Dairesi, Report Number: 154 (unpublished).
  • Koçyiğit, A. 2005. Denzili Graben-Horst System and the eastern limit of the West Anatolian continental extension: basin fill, structure, deformational mode, throw amount and episodic evolutionary history, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 167208.
  • Koçyiğit, A. 2008. Orta Anadolu’nun Aktif tektoniği ve jeotermal enerji potansiyeli. Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Science, Deaprtment of Geological Engineering Project Number: 07-03-091-00-23, Final Report, 135.
  • Koçyiğit, A. 2013. New field and seismic data about the intraplate strike-slip deformation in Van region, East Anatolian plateau, E. Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 62, 586-605.
  • Koçyiğit, A. 2022. Diyadin (Ağrı) ilçe sınırları içinde yer alan 30 Nolu Gedik Köyü ve 31 Nolu Mutlu Köyü Ruhsat sahalarının jeotermal potansiyeli ile ilgili saha jeolojisi çalışmaları: Technical Report, 75 (unpublished).
  • Kocyiğit, A., Beyhan, A. 1998. A new intracontinental transcurrent structure: the Central Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey. Tectonophysics 284, 317–336.
  • Koçyiğit, A., Canoğlu, C. 2017. Neotectonics and seismicity of the Erzurum pull-apart basin, East Turkey. Russian Geology and Geophysics 58, 99-122.
  • Koçyiğit, A., Doğan, U. 2016. Strike-slip neotectonic regime and related structures in the Cappadocia region: a case study in the Salanda basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 25, 393–417.
  • Koçyiğit, A. Yılmaz, A., Adamia, S., Kuloshvili, S. 2001. Neotectonics of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting. Geodinamica Acta 14, 177-195.
  • KOERI 2022. Akçift (Muradiye-Van) earthquake. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Kandilli Rasat-hanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Lebedev, V. A, Sharkov, E. V., Ünal, E., Keskin, M. 2016. Late Pleistocene Tendürek Volcano (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey):I. Geochronology and Petrographic Characteristics of Igneous Rocks. Petrology 24(2), 127-152.
  • Mancini, M., Marini, M., Moscatelli, M., Pagliaroli, A., Stigliano, F., Di Salvo, C., Simionato, M., Cavinato, G. P., Corazza, A. 2014. A physical stratigraphy model for seismic microzonation of the Central Archaeological Area of Rome (Italy). Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12, 1339 – 1363.
  • Masson, F., Djamour, Y., Van Gorp, S., Chery, J., Tatar, M., Tavakoli, F., Nankali, H., Vernet, P. 2006. Extension in NW Iran driven by the motion of the South Caspian Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 252, 180-188.
  • Mesci, B. L., Erkmen, A. C., Gürsoy, H., Tatar, O. 2018. Fossil findings from the Sıcak Çermik fissure ridgetype travertines and possible hominid tracks, Sivas, Central Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 30(1), 15-30.
  • Mesci, B. L., Gürsoy, H., Ghaleb, B., Tatar, O. 2020. An Extensional Fracture Acting as Hot Water Source for Travertine Deposition on the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Turkey: the Reşadiye Fissure-Ridge. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 63, 145-1607.
  • Mesci, B. L., Gürsoy, H., Tatar, O. 2008. The evolution of travertine masses in the Sivas area (Central Turkey) and their relationships to active tectonics. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 219-240.
  • Mokhoori, A. N., Rahimi, B., Moayyed, M. 2021. Active tectonic stress field analysis in NW Iran-NE Turkey using earthquake focal mechanism data. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 235-246.
  • MTA 2018. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Energy Maps.
  • MTA 2021. Turkey Geothermal Resources Distribution and Application Map.
  • Mutlu, H., Aydın, H., Kazancı, A. 2013. Diyadin (Ağrı) jeotermal sahasına yönelik jeokimyasal ve izotopik bulgular. 11. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisleri Kongresi, İzmir, 47-67.
  • Ölmez, E., Ercan, T., Yıldırım, T. 1994. Tendürek (Doğu Anadolu) Jeotermal Alanının (Diyadin, Zilan, Çaldıran) Volkanolojisi ve Jeotermal Enerji Olanakları, 47. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiriler Kitabı, 49-55.
  • Özgür, N., Kıymaz, I., Uzun, E., Kutlu, D. S. 2017. Hydrogeological modelling of geothermal waters in Pamukkale, western Anatolia, Turkey. European Geologist 43, 52-58.
  • Özkul, M., Varol, B., Alçiçek C. 2002. Deposıtıonal Envıronments and Petrography of Denizli travertınes. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 125, 13-29.
  • Öztürk, Y. 2020. Aktif fayların tanımlanmasında jeomorfik belirteçlerin rolü: Balıkgölü fay zonu örneği. Jeomorfolojik Araştırmalar Dergisi 5, 101-117.
  • Porta, G. D., Croci, A., Marini, M., Kele, S. 2017. Deposıtıonal Architecture, Facies Character and Geochemical Sıgnature of the Tıvoli Travertines (Pleistocene, Acque Albule Basin, Central Italy). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) 123(3), 487-540.
  • Pasvanoğlu, S. 2013. Hydrogeochemistry of thermal and mineralized waters in the Diyadin (Ağrı) area, Eastern Turkey. Applied Geochemistry 38, 70-81.
  • Pearce, J. A., Bender, J. F., de Long, S. E., Kidd, W. S. F., Low, F. J., Güner, Y., Şaroğlu, F., Yılmaz, Y., Moofbath, S., Mitchell, J. G. 1990. Genesis of collision volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 44,189-229.
  • Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., Ozener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M., Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., ArRajehi, A., Paradissis, D., Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., Evren, E., Dmitrotsa, A., Filikov, V., Gomez, F., Al-Ghazzi, R., Karam, G. 2006. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, B05411.
  • Sağlam-Selçuk, A., Kul, A. Ö. 2021. Long-term slip rate estimation for Ercis Fault in East Anatolian Compressive Tectonic Block from geologic and geomorphologic field evidence. Geological journal 56, 5290-5310.
  • Sağlam-Selçuk, A., Erturaç, M. K., Nomade, S. 2016. Geology of the Çaldıran Fault, Eastern Turkey: Age, slip rate and implications on the characteristic slip behavior. Tectonophysics, 680, 155-173.
  • Sağlam-Selçuk, A., Erturaç, M. K., Uner, S., Özsayınç, E., Pons-Branchud, E. 2017. Evolution of Çamlık fissure-ridge travertines in the Başkale basin (Van, Eastern Anatolia) Geodinamica Acta 29(1), 1-19.
  • Santilano, A. 2016. Deep geothermal exploration by means of electromagnetic methods: New insights from the Larderello geothermal field (Italy). PhD. thesis in the Graduate School of Politecnico di Torino, 242.
  • Serpen, U., Aksoy, N., Ongurc, T., Korkmaz, E. D. 2009. Geothermal energy in Turkey: 2008 update. Geothermics 38, 227-237.
  • Sharkov, E., Lebedev, V., Chugaev, A., Zabarinskaya, L., Rodnikov, A., Sergeeva, N., Safonova, I. 2014. The Caucasian-Arabian segment of the AlpineHimalayan collisional belt: geology, volcanism and neotectonics. Geoscience Frontiers 6, 513522.
  • Soysal, H., Sipahioğlu, S., Kolçak, D., Altınok, Y. 1981. Türkiye ve Çevresinin Tarihsel Deprem Kataloğu (2100 B.C.–1900 A.D.). TÜBİTAK, TBAG-341.
  • Sümengen, M. 2009. 1/100.000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Kars H50 Paftası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Report Number:108, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Şaroğlu, F., Yılmaz, Y. 1986. Doğu Anadolu›da neotektonik dönemdeki jeolojik evrim and havza modelleri Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration 107,73-94.
  • Şaroğlu, F., Emre, Ö., Boray, A. 1987. Türkiyenin Diri Fayları ve Depremselliği. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Report Number: 8174 Ankara (unpublished).
  • Şener, M. F. 2018. Akhüyük (Konya) Jeotermal Alanındaki Hidrotermal Akışkan Dolaşımı ve Traverten Oluşum Mekanizması, Orta Anadolu, Türkiye. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 61, 193-206.
  • Şener, E., Şener, Ş. 2021. Exploration of geothermal potential using integrated fuzzy logic and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in Ağrı, Eastern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30,1134-1150.
  • Şengör, C., Kidd, W. S. F. 1979. Post-collisional tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian plateau and a comparison with Tibet. Tectonophysics 55, 361-376.
  • Şengör, C., Yilmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181-241.
  • Tan, O., Tapırdamaz, M. C., Yörük, A. 2008. The Earthquake Catalogues for Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 405-418.
  • Temiz, U., Savas, F. 2018. U/Th Dating of the Akhuyuk fissure ridge travertines in Ereğli, Konya (Central Anatolia, Turkey): their relationship to active tectonics. Arabian Journal of Science and Engineering 43,3739-3749.
  • Temiz, U., Gokten, E., Eikenberg, J. 2009. U/Th dating of fissure ridge travertines from the Kırşehir region (Central Anatolia Turkey). Structural relations and implications for the Neotectonic development of the Anatolian block. Geodinamica Acta 22, 201-213.
  • Temiz, H., Koçak, İ., Öksüz, N., Akbay, S. 2021. Significance of neotectonic and paleoclimatic Late Pleistocene-Holocene travertine and origins: Balkayası, Avanos-Nevsehir, Central Anatolia/ Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 110(6), 2157-2177.
  • Toksöz, M. N., Arpat, E., Şaroğlu, F. 1977. East Anatolian Earthquake of 24 November 1976. Nature 270, 423-425.
  • Türkecan, A., Dönmez, M., Özgür, T. B., Mutlu, G., Sevin, D., Bulut, V. 1992. Patnos-TutakHamur (Ağın) yöresinin jeolojisi ve volkanik kayaçların petrolojisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Report Number: 9434 Ankara (unpublished).
  • Üçgün, F. 2019. The Petrography-Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks Around in Davut- Tazekent Villages (Diyadin-Ağrı) and the Characteristics of the Diyadin Geothermal Field, MSc, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey (in Turkish).
  • Üçgün, F., Kurt, M., Karagöz, K., Kocaman, S., Zilbeyaz,, N., Göçer, H., Erol, F., Tanışır, E., Çeker, S. 2014. Ağrı İli Minerallı Sular Araştırması. T.C. Serhat Kalkınma Ajansı Ağrı Destek Ofisi, Proje Sonuç Raporu, 164.
  • Van Noten, K., Soete, J., Claes, H., Foubert, A., Özkul, M., Swennen, R. 2013. “Fracture networks and strikeslip deformation along reactivated normal faults in Quaternary travertine deposits, Denizli Basin, Western Turkey”. Tectonophysics 588, 154-170.
  • Vignaroli, G., Mancini, M., Brilli, M., Bucci, F., Cardinali, M., Giustini, F., Voltaggio, M., Yu, T. L., Shen, C. C. 2020. Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Extensional Faulting and Fluid Circulation in the Amatrice Basin (Central Apennines, Italy) During the Pleistocene. Frontiers in Earth Science 8, 130.
  • Yeşilova, Ç. 2021. Potential geoheritage assessment; Dereiçi travertines, Başkale, Van (east anatolian Turkey). MANAS Journal of Engineering 9(1), 66-71.
  • Yıldırım, G. 2018. Akkaya-Eskipazar (Karabük) travertenine yönelik jeokimyasal ve izotopik bulgular. Ankara Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 87.
  • Yılmaz, Y., Güner, Y., Şaroğlu, F. 1998. Geology of the Quaternary volcanic centers of the east Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 173-210.
  • Yılmaz, Y., Şaroğlu, R., Güner, Y. 1987. Initation of the neomagmatism in East Anatolia. Tectonophysics134, 177-199.
  • Shabanian, E., Acocella, V., Gioncada, A., Ghasemi, H., Belieri, O. 2012. Structural control on volcanism in intraplate post collisional settings: Late Cenozoic to Quaternary examples of Iran and Eastern Turkey. Tectonics 31, TC3013.
  • Zor, E., Sandvol, E., Gürbüz, C., Türkelli, N., Seber, D., Barazangi, M. 2003. The crustal structure of the East Anatolian plateau (Turkey) from Receiver functions. Geophysical Research Letters 30 (24), 8044.