YEŞİL PAPAĞANLAR (PSİTTACULA KRAMERİ) VE TÜRKİYE’DEKİ HABİTATLARININ COĞRAFİ AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yeşil papağanların (Psittacula krameri) doğal yaşam alanları bir diğer söyleyişle anavatanları Orta Afrika ve Güney Asya’dır, otuz beş ülkede yerli tür olarak bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte otuz altı farklı ülkede olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de egzotik türler olarak yaşayabilmektedir. Tutsak hayvan olarak getirildikleri bu ülkelerde kafeslerden kaçmayı başarmış ve tarla, bahçe ya da şehirlerin çevresinde çoğalmışlardır. Anavatanlarında Köppen-Geiger iklim sınıflandırmasına göre tropikal iklim koşulları olmasına karşın, kurak-yarı kurak ikliminden, dağ iklimine kadar farklı hava koşullarına adapte olmayı başarmışlardır. Türkiye’de kırsal alanlardan ve tarım alanlarından daha çok şehir içi yeşil alanları kendilerine yaşam alanı olarak seçtikleri gözlenmektedir. Doğal ve/veya antropik habitatlarında belli başlı besinleri otlar, çiçekler, nektar, sert kabuklu ya da taş çekirdekli meyveler, sebzeler, çeşitli tohumlardır. Türkiye’de ilk kez 1976 yılında, Ankara’da gözlemlendikleri rapor edilmiştir. Türkiye’deki yaşam alanlarının özellikleri şu şekilde sıralanabilir: 1. Aşırı soğuk geçen kış mevsiminde şehir iklimin mikroklima alanı oluşturması. Şehirde binaların kışın yaydığı antropojenik ısı ve kış koşullarında şehir ikliminin kırsal bölgelerden daha sıcak olması. 2. Şehir içi yeşil alanlarda onlarca egzotik bitki türünün bulunması. 3. Binaların çatı bölümlerinin ve yeşil alanlardaki egzotik ağaçların uygun yuvalama koşullarını sunması. 4. Yeşil alanların besin, barınma, sosyalleşme imkânı sağlayan birer ekosistem işlevi görmesi. 5. Doğal avcılarının bulunmaması ya da nadiren bulunması. 6. Kayda değer bir rakiplerinin ve/veya rekabetin olmaması. Yeşil papağanlar birçok Avrupa ülkesinde ve Avustralya’da tehlikeli ‘işgalci’ tür ya da ‘zararlı’ olarak değerlendirilmekle birlikte Türkiye’de yerli türlerle ilişkisi ve ekonomik etkileri konusunda gerçekleştirilmiş ayrıntılı bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yeşil Papağan (Psittacula Krameri), İşgalci Tür, Egzotik Tür, Şehir İçi Yeşil Alan Ekosistemleri, Arazi Kullanım

ROSE-RINGED PARAKEETS (PSITTACULA KRAMERI) AND GEOGRAPHICAL EVALUATION OF HABITATS IN TURKEY

The natural habitat of rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) is Africa, South Asia. However, it can live as exotic species in our country as it is in many Southwest Asian countries. In these countries where they were taken to captive animals, they managed to escape from the cages and to recruit them in their urban areas or agricultural fields. Although their homeland has equatorial climatic conditions for Köppen-Geiger climate classification, they have been adapting to different weather conditions from arid-semiarid climate to snow climate. In Turkey, they prepare the green spaces within the urban area more often than rural areas and agricultural areas. In the natural environment, fruits, vegetables, various seeds, nuts are the main foods. It is reported as they have been first observed in 1976 in Ankara. Factors influencing their selection of urban parks, forests in Turkey can be listed as; 1. The anthropogenic heat and winter conditions of public buildings in the city and d also in the winter conditions urban climate are more suitable than in rural areas. 2. The roofing sections of the buildings shall provide proper nesting conditions. 3. A simple urban green area in Turkey is to have purely exotic plant species. 4. Urban green spaces has offers the ecosystem services as a part of the betting area. 5. The absence of a hunter or competitor in urban areas. In many European countries and in Australia rose-ringed parakeets are considered as invasive species or pest species, but there are no detailed studies on the relationship of domesticated birds and other living things with in Turkey.

Keywords:

Rose-Ringed Parakeet (Psittacula Krameri), Invasive Species, Exotic Species, Urban Green Ecosystems, Land Use,

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