COĞRAFYA VE SINIR

Sınırlar, birçok disiplin için giderek artan ilgi çekici araştırma alanları olmuşlardır. Bu çalışma, sınır çalışmaları alanındaki mevcut literatürü kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz etmektedir. İlk olarak, sınırların bir araştırma alanı olarak nasıl anlaşılması ve çalışılması gerektiğini netleştirecek bir kavramsal çerçeve oluşturulacaktır. Ardından, tarihsel bir perspektiften sınır çalışmalarının sürekli değişen ve gelişen ilgi alanları değerlendirilecektir. Bu makale, sürekli gelişerek ilerleyen bu araştırma alanının daha iyi anlaşılmasına yardımcı olacak değerlendirmeler sunmaktadır. Sınırlar, sadece bir mekanın hudutlarının oluşturulmasıyla ilgili değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal bir birlikteliğin meydana getirilmesiyle de ilgilidirler. Bu yüzden, sınır kurumu, sosyo-mekansal homojenleşme ve farklılaşmanın oluşturulduğu sürekli devam eden bir süreç olarak görülmelidirler. Bireysel ve kolektif kimlik oluşturulmasında sınır önemli bir yere sahiptir. Döngüsel bir şekilde, sınırlar bireysel ve kolektif bilinçleri şekillendirmekte ve bu bilinçler tarafından şekillenmektedirler. Tanım itibariyle sınır, taraflar oluşturma ve bu taraflardan birine ait olmakla alakalıdır; bu yüzden beraberinde bir çok dikotomi oluşturur: içeri-dışarı, biz-öteki, dahil etme-dışlama. Bir ‘ötekinin’ varlığını tahayyül etme süreci, sınır oluşturmadaki en önemli süreçtir. Bu makale, sınır çalışmalarında görülen birçok dikotominin aşılması gerektiğini savunmaktadır: sınırlar sembolik mi – fiziksel mi; gerçek mi – suni mi; bariyer mi – kültürel karşılaşma ve etkileşme alanları mı; yukarıdan aşağı mı üretilir – aşağıdan yukarı mı; sadece hudutlarda mı yer alır – birçok alanda mı görülür. Bu makale, bu sürekli evrilen araştırma alanının daha iyi kavranmasını ve çalışılmasını sağlayacak önemli analizlerden oluşmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Coğrafya, Sınır, Sınır Kurumu, Sınır Çalışmaları

Geography and Border

There has been an increasing interest in borders from a variety of disciplines. This paper scrutinizes an extensive range of literature in the border studies. Initially, it draws a conceptual framework that clarifies how to approach and study borders. Later, it identifies constantly evolving concerns in the border studies from a historical perspective. It provides valuable insights into how to understand this continually progressing research area. It argues that borders are not just about producing a bounded space but also producing a social collectiveness. Bordering is an on-going process through which socio-spatial homogenisations and differentiations occur. Borders inform individual and collective identities; they shape and are shaped by collective and individual consciousness. Borders, by definition, are about creating and taking sides, which construct many more associated dichotomies: inside-outside; we-they; inclusion-exclusion; and us-the other. The process of imagining the existence of ‘other’ is crucial in creating borders. The paper also argues that there is a need to move beyond many dichotomies in border studies: symbolic or material; real or imaginary; barriers or zones of cultural encounters; top-down or bottom-up; and frontiers or multiple sites. This paper provides an important insight into this constantly evolving research area.

Keywords:

Geography, Border, Bordering, Border Studies,

PDF

___

Adey, P., Bennett, C. J., Fuller, G., Klauser, F. R., Lahav, G., Lyon, D. & Salter, M. B. (2008). Politics at the Airport. University of Minnesota Press.
Agnew, J. (2008). Borders on the mind: re-framing border thinking. Ethics & Global Politics, 1(4).
Amin, A. & Thrift, N. J. (1994). Globalization, Institutions, and Regional Development in Europe. Oxford University Press.
Amoore, L. (2006). Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror. Political Geography, 25(3), 336-351.
Amoore, L. (2011). On the line: writing the geography of the virtual border. Political Geography, 30(2), 63-64.
Anderson, J. (1995). The Exaggerated Death of the Nation-state. Open University Press.
Anderson, J. & O'Dowd, L. (1999). Borders, border regions and territoriality: contradictory meanings, changing significance. Regional Studies, 33(7), 593-604.
Appadurai, A. (1996). Global ethnoscapes: Notes and queries for a transnational anthropology.
Bachelard, G. (1994). The Poetics of Space: Beacon Press.
Balibar, E. (1998). The borders of Europe. Cultural Politics. 14, 216- 232.
Balibar, E. (2002). Politics and the Other Scene. Verso.
Balibar, E. (2004). We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Basch, L. (1993). Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, And Deterritorialized Nation-States: Routledge.
Bauder, H. (2011). Toward a Critical geography of the border: engaging the dialectic of practice and meaning. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101(5), 1126-1139.
Boggs, S. W. (1940). International boundaries: a study of boundary functions and problems: Columbia University Press.
Brunet-Jailly, E. (2011). Special section: Borders, borderlands and theory: an introduction. Geopolitics, 16(1), 1-6.
Castells, M. (1992). The Informational City: Economic Restructuring and Urban Development: Wiley.
Conradson, D. & Latham, A. (2005). Transnational urbanism: attending to everyday practices and mobilities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 227-233.
Dicken, P., Forsgren, M. & Malmberg, A. (1994). The Local embeddedness of the Transnational Corporation.
Donnan, H. & Wilson, T. M. (1999). Borders: frontiers of identity, nation and state: Berg Publishers.
Guarnizo, L. E. (2003). The Economics of transnational living. International Migration Review, 37(3), 666-699.
Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational connections: culture, people, places: Routledge London.
Hedetoft, U. (2003). The Global Turn: National Encounters with the World: Aalborg University Press.
Hirst, P., & Thompson, G. (2001). Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance: John Wiley & Sons.
Holdich, S. T. H. (1916). Political frontiers and boundary making: Macmillan and Co.
Itzigsohn, J., Cabral, C. D., Medina, E. H., & Vazquez, O. (1999). Mapping Dominican transnationalism: narrow and broad transnational practices. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 316-339.
Johnson, C., Jones, R., Paasi, A., Amoore, L., Mountz, A., Salter, M. & Rumford, C. (2011). Interventions on rethinking ‘the border’ in border studies. Political Geography, 30(2), 61-69. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.01.002
Jones, R. (2009a). Categories, borders and boundaries. Progress in Human Geography, 33(2), 174-189.
Jones, R. (2009b). Geopolitical boundary narratives, the global war on terror and border fencing in India. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 34(3), 290-304.
Kearney, M. (1995). The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, 547-565.
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Oxford Blackwell.
Levitt, P. (2001). Transnational migration: taking stock and future directions. Global Networks, 1(3), 195-216.
Minghi, J. V. (1963). Boundary Studies in political geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 53(3), 407-428.
Newman, D. (2003). On borders and power: a theoretical framework. Journal Of Borderlands Studies, 18(1), 13-25.
Newman, D. (2006). The lines that continue to separate us: borders in our 'borderless' world. Progress in Human Geography, 30(2), 143- 161.
Newman, D. & Paasi, A. (1998). Fences and neighbours in the postmodern world: boundary narratives in political geography. Progress in Human Geography, 22(2), 186-207.
Ohmae, K. (1995). The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies: Free Press.
Paasi, A. (1998). Boundaries as social processes: territoriality in the world of flows. Geopolitics, 3(1), 69-88.
Paasi, A. (1999). Boundaries as social practice and discourse: The Finnish‐Russian border. Regional Studies, 33(7), 669-680.
Paasi, A. (2005). Generations and the ‘development’ of border studies. Geopolitics, 10(4), 663-671.
Paasi, A. (2009). Bounded spaces in a ‘borderless world’: border studies, power and the anatomy of territory. Journal of Power, 2(2), 213-234.
Paasi, A. (2011). A border theory: An unattainable dream or a realistic aim for border scholars? The Ashgate research companion to border studies, 11-31.
Paasi, A. (2012). Border studies reanimated: going beyond the territorial/relational divide. Environment and Planning A, 44(10), 2303-2309.
Rumford, C. (2006). Theorizing borders. European Journal of Social Theory, 9(2), 155-169.
Rumford, C. (2008). Introduction: Citizens and borderwork in Europe. Space and Polity, 12(1), 1-12.
Rumford, C. (2012). Towards a multiperspectival study of borders. Geopolitics, 17(4), 887-902.
Sack, R. D. (1986). Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History: Cambridge University Press.
Said, E. W. (1979). Orientalism. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
Schiller, N. G., Basch, L. & Blanc, C. S. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: Theorizing transnational migration. Anthropological quarterly, 48-63.
Sibley, D. (1995). Geographies of Exclusion: Society and Difference in the West. Routledge.
Smith, M. P. (2005). Transnational urbanism revisited. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 31(2), 235-244.
Spykman, N. J. (1942). Frontiers, security, and international organization. Geographical Review, 32(3), 436-447.
Urry, J. (2000). Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-first Century: Routledge.
Van Houtum, H. (2005). The geopolitics of borders and boundaries. Geopolitics, 10(4), 672-679.
Van Houtum, H., Kramsch, O. T. & Zierhofer, W. (2005). B/ordering Space: Ashgate.
Vertovec, S. (1999). Conceiving and researching transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 447-462.
Vertovec, S. (2001). Transnationalism and identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 573-582.
Voigt-Graf, C. (2004). Towards a geography of transnational spaces: Indian transnational communities in Australia. Global Networks-a Journal of Transnational Affairs, 4(1), 25-49.
Yeoh, B. S. A., Willis, K. D., & Fakhri, S. M. A. K. (2003). Introduction: Transnationalism and its edges. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26(2), 207-217.
Yeung, H. W.-c., Liu, W., & Dicken, P. (2006). Transnational corporations and network effects of a local manufacturing cluster in mobile telecommunications equipment in China. World Development, 34(3), 520-540.