Havacılıkta Güvenlik: Gerçek mi İllüzyon mu?

Güvenlik, insanlara sağlanan ancak aynı zamanda hissedilebilmesi gereken karmaşık bir kavramdır. Güvenlik gereksinim oranı, risk hesaplamaları ile gerçekleşirken politika oluşturmak kişi psikolojisi ve duygularını da hesaba katarak gerçekleştirilmelidir. İnsanoğlu genellikle olağanüstü risklerden korkar ve kontrol edilebilir riskler daha az korkutucu gibi görünür. Oysa gerçek risk farklı olabilir. Örneğin hava taşımacılığı sayılara bakıldığında kara taşımacılığından çok daha az risklidir ancak hava taşımacılığından korkulur. Teknoloji ve medya, risklerle ilgili insanların farkındalığını sağlayan iki önemli parametredir. ABD'de 11 Eylül saldırısının ardından havacılık ve havayolu güvenliği medyanın da katkısı ile büyük önem kazandı. Bu saldırı sonunda insanlar güvenliği garanti etmek için özgürlüklerinden dahi vazgeçmeyi kabul eder duruma geldiler. Havaalanı güvenliği 11 Eylül'den önce önemsenmeyip, yolcular için bir güvenlik tiyatrosuna benzemekte idi. Havayolu şirketleri terörist saldırıların sınırlı olduğu kanısını paylaşırlardı. 11 Eylül'den sonra ABD'de sistem kontrollü hale getirilerek 50 000 taşımacılık güvenlik görevlisi yolcuları tarar hale gelmiştir. Güvenlik sistemine kokpit kapılarının sertleştirilmesi, mürettebat-yolcu direnişi sağlanması ve federal hava kolluk kuvvetleri hizmeti eklenmiştir. Tüm bu önlemlere rağmen, mutlak güvenliğe ulaşılamaz olduğu anlaşılmaktadır, ancak her durumda, psikolojik parametrenin her zaman göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiği bir gerçektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Güvenlik, Risk, Havacılık, Terör, Güvenlik Tiyatrosu

Aviation Security: Illusion of Safety or Reality?

Security is a complicated concept where people have to be secure and also feel it. Serious risk calculations determine the fact but also the feeling has to be included in the policy development. Because people are generally are scared by spectacular risks. The controllable risks seem to be less scary but the uncontrollable are considered important. Therefore, aviation is believed to be higher than the driving whereas the contrary is the reality. Technology and media are the two parameters that count for the awareness of people concerning the risks. Aviation and airline security became very important following the 9/11 attack in USA. This attack ended up with a huge crisis and people were ready to give up their freedoms to guarantee security. It is known that airport security was fragmented before 9/11. It was not practiced seriously, it resembled a security theater for the passengers and companies believed that terrorist attacks were limited. Things have changed today. Following 9/11 the system in USA became state controlled 50000 transportation security officers are scanning passengers. Hardening cockpit doors, crew passenger resistance and federal air marshal service are added to the security system. Despite all these precautions, absolute security cannot be reached but, in any case, the psychological parameter has always to be a matter to consider.

Keywords:

Security, Risk, Aviation, Terror, Security Theater,

PDF

___

Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Owens, P. (2008) The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beck, U. (1992) Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publications. Crenshaw, W.A. (1988) 'Civil Aviation: Target for Terrorism', The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 498 (1): 60-69.
Frederickson, H.G. and LaPorte, T.R. (2002) 'Airport Security, High Reliability, and the Problem of Rationality', Public administration review, 62 (S1): 33-43.
Harris, D.H. (2002) 'How to Really Improve Airport Security', Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 10 (1): 17-17.
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (2010) Population and Demographics, http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/tr-TR/0-Istanbul-Tanitim/konum/Pages/Nufus_ve_Demografik_Yapi.aspx, [assessed 04/22 2014].
Johnston, V.R. and Nath, A. (2004) 'Introduction: Terrorism and Transportation Security', Review of Policy Research, 21 (3): 255-261.
Justin V Hastings and Ryan J Chan (2013) 'Target Hardening and Terrorist Signaling: The Case of Aviation Security', Terrorism & Political Violence, 25 (5): 777.
Le Pichon, X., Taymaz, T. and Sengör, A., (1999) 'The Marmara Fault and the future Istanbul earthquake', International conference on the Kocaeli earthquake, 41-54. Martin, G. (2013) Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. (4th) London: Sage.
Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection Greece (2013) Accident Statistics, http://www.mopocp.gov.gr/main.php?lang=EN&lang=EN, [assessed 04/21 2014].
Nacos, B.L. (2007) Mass-mediated terrorism: the central role of the media in terrorism and counterterrorism. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield.
Newton, K. and Van Deth, J.W. (2010) Foundations of comparative politics. Cambridge University Press. Ropeik, D. and Gray, G. (2002) Risk: A Practical Guide for Deciding What's Really Safe and What's Really Dangerous in the World Around You. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Russell, P.A. and Preston, F.W. (2004) 'Airline Security After the Event Unintended Consequences and Illusions', American Behavioral Scientist, 47 (11): 1419-1427.
Schneier, B. (2012) Economist Debates: Airport Security, https://www.schneier.com/essay-395.html, [assessed 04/03 2014].
Schneier, B. (2010) A Waste of Money and Time, https://www.schneier.com/essay-330.html, [assessed 04/03 2014].
Schneier, B. (2009) Is Aviation Security Mostly for Show? https://www.schneier.com/essay-299.html, [assessed 04/03 2014].
Schneier, B. (2008) The Psychology of Security, https://www.schneier.com/essay-155.html, [assessed 04/03 2014].
Schneier, B. (2005) Airline Security a Waste of Cash, https://www.schneier.com/essay-096.html, [assessed 04/03 2014].
Seidenstat, P. (2004) 'Terrorism, Airport Security, and the Private Sector', Review of Policy Research, 21 (3): 275-291.
Shoshani, A. (2008) 'The drama of media coverage of terrorism emotional and attitudinal impact on the audience', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 31 (7): 627-640.
Stewart, M.G. and Mueller, J. (2008) 'Assessing the risks, costs and benefits of United States aviation security measures', Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability, University of Newcastle, Research Report, (267.04): 08.
Szyliowicz, J.s. (2004) 'Aviation Security: Promise or Reality?', Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 27 (1): 47-63.
Transportation Security Agency Transportation Security Agency, http://www.tsa.gov/, [assessed 04/12 2014].
Turkish National Police (2013) General accidents statistics, http://www.trafik.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler/Genel-Kaza.aspx, [assessed 04/21 2014]. Weimann, G. and Winn, C. (1993) The theatre of terror: mass media and international terrorism. New York: Longman.
Zack Phillips (2007) Security Theater. Washington: Atlantic Media, Inc.