Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemeleri Önünde Sanıkların Kendini Savunma Hakkı
Uluslararası insan hakları sözleşmeleri ve uluslararası ceza mahkemelerinin kuruluş statüleri sanıklara kendilerini savunma hakkı tanımaktadır. Fakat, pratikte bu hakkın (kötüye) kullanılması davanın yürütülmesi açısından birçok zorluğa neden olmuştur. Uygulamada meydana gelen bütün zorluklara rağmen, uluslararası ceza mahkemelerinde yargılanan sanıkların kendilerini savunma hakkından yararlanmaları gerekliliği doktrinde sıkça ifade edilmiştir. Bu makalede, sanıkların uluslararası ceza mahkemelerinde kendilerini savunma hakkını kullanmalarının pratikte ne gibi zorluklara yol açtığı ve hakkın kullanılmasının hangi durumlarda kısıtlanması gerektiği tartışılacaktır.
The Right to Self-Representation before the International Criminal Tribunals
Although the right to self-representationis recognised by many international humanrights documents and the statutes ofthe international criminal tribunals (theICTs), there have been difficulties in casemanagement while enforcing the right fordefendants before ICTs. It has been wellargued that those accused of internationalcrimes should be fully afforded the rightto defend themselves if they choose so,despite associated difficulties. This paperexamines the difficulties caused by the (ab)use of self-representation before the ICTsand discusses whether defendants at theICTs should be fully accorded the right todefend themselves, scrutinising key casesfrom different ICTs.
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Journal of International Criminal Justice 53
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False Right of Spectacle’ (2009) 40 Georgetown Journal of International Law 919
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Journal of International Criminal Justice 3
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the International Criminal Tribunals’ in Shane Darcy and Joseph Powderly
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Milosevic’s Right to Self-Representation before the International Criminal
Tribunal Fo the Former Yugoslavia’ (2006) 6 Chicago Journal of International
Law 775
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Is It Anyway? The Right of an Accused to Defend Himself in Person before
International Criminal Courts’ (2007) 4 International Commentary on Evidence 2
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the Eye of the Storm’ [2010] International Criminal Law Bureau 1
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Note’ (1976) 40 Albany Law Review 423
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before International Criminal Tribunals’ (2006) 4 Journal of International
Criminal Justice 31
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and Contumacious Counsel in War Crimes Trials’ (2007) Paper 114 Faculty
Publications 155
- Scharf MP and Rassi CM, ‘Do Former Leaders Have an International Right
to Self Representation in War Crimes Trials?’ (2005) 20 Ohio State Journal on
Dispute Resolution 3
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Before International Tribunals’ (2011) 12 ERA Forum 189
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William Waters (ed.), The Milošević Trial: An Autopsy (Oxford: Oxford
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How Vojislav Seselj Runs His Trial’ (2007) 5 Journal of International Criminal
Justice 529
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International Criminal Justice 617
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Statute—A Precarious Comparison’ in Bert Swart, Alexander Zahar, and Göran
Sluiter (eds.), The Legacy of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011)
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in Bert Swart, Alexander Zahar, and Göran Sluiter (eds.),
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(Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011)
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Competence to Self Represent’, 2016 (44)4 The Journal of the American
Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 425
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Tribunal’ (2008) 19 CrimLaw Forum 241
- Cases
US Supreme Court:
Faretta v. California 422 U.S. 806 (1975)
- ECtHR:
Croissant v. Germany [1992] ECHR 60
Lagerblom v. Sweden [2003] ECHR 28
- HRC:
Michael and Brian Hill v. Spain, Human Rights Committee, Communication
No. 526/1993, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/59/D/526/1993, 2 April 1997
- ICTY:
Prosecutor v. Milosevic, ‘Reasons for Decision on Assignment of Defence
Counsel’, Case No: IT-02-54-T, Trial Chamber, 22 September 2004.
- Prosecutor v. Milosevic, ‘Decision on Interlocutory Appeal of the Trial
Chamber’s Decision on the Assignment of Defence Counsel’, Case No: IT-02-
54-AR73.7, Appeals Chamber, 1 November 2004.
- Prosecutor v. Milošević, ‘Reasons for Decision on the Prosecution Motion
Concerning Assignment of Counsel’, Case No: IT-02-54, Trial Chamber, 4 April
2003.
- Prosecutor v. Šešelj, ‘Decision on the Prosecution’s Motion for Order
Appointing Counsel to Assist Vojislav Šešelj with his Defence’, Case No: IT-03-
67-PT, Trial Chamber II, 09 May 2003.
- Prosecutor v. Šešelj, ‘Decision on Assignment of Counsel’, Case No: IT-03-
67-PT, Trial Chamber I, 21 August 2006.
- Prosecutor v. Šešelj, ‘Decision on Appeal against the Trial Chamber’s
Decision on Assignment of Counsel’, Case No: IT-03-67-AR73.3, Appeals
Chamber, 20 October 2006.
- Prosecutor v. Šešelj, ‘Order Concerning Appointment of Standby Counsel
and Delayed Commencement of Trial’, Case No. IT-03-67-PT, Trial Chamber I,
25 October 2006.
- Prosecutor v. Šešelj, Decision on Assignment of Counsel, Case No. IT-03-
67-T, Trial Chamber, 27 November 2006.
- Prosecutor v. Šešelj, ‘Decision on Appeal against the Trial Chamber’s
Decision (No. 2) on Assignment of Counsel’, Case No: IT-03-67-AR73.4, Appeals
Chamber, 8 December 2006.
- Prosecutor v.Šešelj, ‘Public Version of the ‘‘Consolidated Decision on
Assignment of Counsel, Adjournment and Prosecution Motion for Additional
Time with Separate Opinion of Presiding Judge Antonetti in Annex’ Case No:
IT-03-67-T, Trial Chamber, 11 December 2009.
- ICTR:
Prosecutor v. Barayagwiza, ‘Decision on Defence Counsel Motion to
Withdraw, Case No: ICTR-97-19-T, Trial Chamber, 2 November 2000.
Prosecutor v. Barayagwiza, ‘Judgment and Sentence’, Case No: ICTR-99-
52-T, Trial Chamber, 3 December 2003.
- SCSL:
Prosecutor v. Norman, Fofana, and Kondewa, ‘Decision on the Application
of Samuel Hinga Norman for Self-Representation Under Art. 17(4)(d)
of the Statute of the Special Court’, Case No. SCSL 04-14-T, Trial Chamber,
8 June 2004.
- Prosecutor v. Norman, Fofana, and Kondewa, ‘Ruling on Non-Appearance
of First Accused, Second Accused and Third Accused at Trial Proceedings, Case
No: SCSL-04-14-PT, Trial Chamber, 1 October 2004.
- Statutes & Covenants & Conventions
Council of Europe, European Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14,
4 November 1950, ETS 5
- Organization of American States (OAS), American Convention on Human
Rights, “Pact of San Jose”, Costa Rica, 22 November 1969
- UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171
- UN General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
(last amended 2010), 17 July 1998
- UN Security Council, Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the
Former Yugoslavia (as amended on 17 May 2002), 25 May 1993
- UN Security Council, Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for
Rwanda (as last amended on 13 October 2006), 8 November 1994
UN Security Council, Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, 16
January 2002