PSYCHOLOGICAL AND JUDICIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ON DECISION MAKING

Decision making is one of the most importantability of human. This high level cognitiveability occurs as a result of processeslike perception, thinking, reasoning and realizing.In addition to this, decision making hasdimensions like problem solving, critical judgments,and deliberation on uncertainty, electing,and making a choice. All of these processesand dimensions are open to variouspsychological and cognitive effects. Decisionmaking is a process of a reveal of willpowerthat is a process not only an ordinary flow ofdaily life but also the sharpest points of law.As for Judiciary decision making, it is a crucialand important business that all of these processesand dimensions as well as underlyinglaws and other judiciary factors.The goal of this article is to provideawareness about decision making in the directionof studies and obtained information.A lot of factors, such as cognitive, psychological,emotional intelligence, personality, andjudicial factors affect decision making. Scrutinizedthese factors with literature review andstrive to present for consideration of decisionmakers. Intersecting points of psychologyand law are mentioned in this interdisciplinarystudy. It is thought that the scientificapproaches and analyses in this article willbenefit most especially for high level decisionmakers and judges.

Karar Verme Üzerinde Etkili Olan Psikolojik ve Yargısal Faktörler

Karar verme insanın sahip olduğu en önemli kabiliyetlerden birisidir. Bu üst düzey bilişsel kabiliyet, algılama, düşünme, muhakeme ve idrak etme gibi süreçlerin neticesinde meydana gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte karar verme, problem çözme, kritik kararlar alma, belirsizlikler üzerinde düşünme, seçim yapma ve tercih etme gibi boyutlara sahiptir. Tüm bu süreç ve boyutlar çeşitli psikolojik ve nörobilişsel etkilere açıktır. Karar verme günlük hayatın olağan akışının yanı sıra hukukun en keskin noktalarına kadar iradenin ortaya çıktığı bir süreçtir. Hukuki karar verme ise bu insani süreç ve boyutların yanı sıra kanunlar ve yargısal diğer unsurlar temelinde ciddi ve önem arz eden bir iştir. Bu makalenin yazılmasındaki amaç, karar verme süreçleri hakkında yapılan araştırmalar ve elde edilen bilgiler doğrultusunda bir farkındalık artışının sağlanmasıdır. Karar vermeyi etkileyen, bilişsel, psikolojik, duygusal zeka, kişilik özellikleri ve yargısal faktörler gibi birçok etken bulunmaktadır. Literatür taraması ile bu faktörler incelenmiş ve karar vericilerin dikkatine sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Disiplinlerarası olan bu çalışmada psikoloji ile hukuğun kesiştiği noktalara temas edilmiştir. Makalede yer alan bilimsel yaklaşımların ve yapılan analizlerin, özellikle de üst düzey karar vericilere ve yargıçlara fayda sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

___

A. Refik Gür, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Kadılık Müessesi, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015

Adele Diederich, “Dynamic Stochastic Models for Decision Making under Time Constraints”, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1997, 41, pp. 260-274

Ali Intezari, David J. Pauleen, “Conceptualizing Wise Management Decision Making: A Grounded Theory Approach”, Decision Sciences, 2017, pp. 1-66

Amos Tversky, Daniel Kahneman, “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”, Science, New Series, 1974, Volume 185, No. 4157, pp. 1124-1131

Antonio R. Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and Human Brain, New York, 1994

Aron K. Barbey, “Network Neuroscience Theory of Human Intelligence”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2017, in Press, pp. 1-13

Audun Jøsang, Viggo A. Bondi, “Legal Reasoning with Subjective Logic”, Artificial Intelligence and Law, 2000, Volume 8, Issue 4, pp. 289–315

B. Charles Tatum, Richard Eberlin, Carin Kottraba, Travis Bradberry, “Leadership, Decision Making, and Organizational Justice”, Management Decision, 2003, 41 / 10, pp. 1006-1016

Barry Schwartz, Andrew Ward, John Monterosso, Sonja Lyubomirsky, Katherine White, Darrin R. Lehman, “Maximizing Versus Satisficing: Happiness Is a Matter of Choice”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002, Volume 83, No. 5, pp. 1178–1197

Baruch Fischhoff, Judgment and Decision Making, Earthscan Publishing, London and New York, 2012

Bert Timmermans, Leonhard Schilbach, Antoine Pasquali, Axel Cleeremans, “Higher Order Thoughts in Action: Consciousness as an Unconscious ReDescription Process”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2012, 367, pp. 1412–1423

Björn N. Persson, Petri J. Kajonius, “Empathy and Universal Values Explicated by The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 2016, Volume 156, No. 6, pp. 610–619

Brenda Milner, Larry R. Squire, Eric R. Kandel, “Cognitive Neuroscience and The Study of Memory”, Neuron, 1998, 20, pp. 445-468

Bridget R. Dunnavant, Heidi M. Levitt, “The Development of Wisdom in Judicial Decision Making”, The Humanistic Psychologist, 2015, 43, pp. 1–23

C. Daniel Salzman, Stefano Fusi, “Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex”, The Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2010, 33, pp. 173–202

Carey K. Morewedge, Haewon Yoon, Irene Scopelliti, Carl W. Symborski, James H. Korris, Karim S. Kassam, “Debiasing Decisions: Improved Decision Making with a Single Training Intervention”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2015, Volume 2 (1), pp. 129–140

Carlyle Smith, Kevin R. Peters, Sleep, “Memory, and Molecular Neurobiology”, 2011, 98, pp. 259-272

Chris Guthrie, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, Andrew J. Wistrich, “Inside the Judicial Mind”, Cornell Law Faculty Publications, 2001, Paper 814, pp. 777-830

Corey K. Fallon, April Rose Panganiban, Ryan Wohleber, Gerald Matthews, Almira M. Kustubayeva, Richard Roberts, “Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Ability and Information Search in Tactical Decision Making”, Personality and Individual Differences, 2014, 65, pp. 24–29

Corrine J. Seeley, Carlyle T. Smith, Kevin J. MacDonald, Richard J. Beninger, “Ventromedial Prefrontal Theta Activity During Rapid Eye Movement Sleep is Associated with Improved Decision Making on The Iowa Gambling Task”, Behavioral Neuroscience, Special Issue: Behavioral Neuroscience of Sleep, 2016, Volume 130, No. 3, pp. 271–280

Dan Simon, Nicholas Scurich, “Lay Judgments of Judicial Decision Making”, Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 2011, Volume 8, Issue 4, pp. 709–727

Daniel C. Krawczyk, Reasoning the Neuroscience of How We Think, Elsevier Academic Press, 2018

Daniel J. Power, “Data Science: Supporting Decision Making”, Journal of Decision Systems, 2016, Volume 25, No. 4, pp. 345–356

Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, Bantam Books, New York, 1995

Daniel Goleman, İşbaşında Duygusal Zeka, Varlık Yayınları A.Ş., Sayı: 579, İstanbul, 2000

David B. Fischer, Robert D. Truog, “Conscientious of the Conscious: Interactive Capacity as a Threshold Marker for Consciousness”, AJOB Neuroscience, 2013, Volume 4, Issue 4, pp. 26-33

David Klein, Gregory Mitchell, The Psychology of Judicial Decision Making, Oxford University Press, New York, 2010

Deborah J. Chase, Peggy Fulton Hora, “The Implications of Therapeutic Jurisprudence for Judicial Satisfaction”, Court Review, 2000, Volume 37, pp. 12-20

Diana L. Young, Adam S. Goodie, Daniel B. Hall, Eric Wu, “Decision Making Under Time Pressure, Modeled in A Prospect Theory Framework”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2012, Volume 118, Issue 2, pp. 179-188

Ella Paneyakh, “The Practical Logic of Judicial Decision Making”, Russian Politics & Law, 2016, 54: 2-3, pp. 138-163

Eileen Carol Braman, Motivated Reasoning in Legal Decision Making, Doctoral Dissertaiton, Ohio State University, 2004

Fabio Del Missier, Timo Mäntylä, Wändi Bruine de Bruin, “Executive Functions in Decision Making: An Individual Differences Approach”, Thinking & Reasoning, 2010, 16:2, pp. 69-97

Farnaz Sabahi, Mohammad R. Akbarzadeh, “Introducing Validity in Fuzzy Probability for Judicial Decision Making”, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 2014, Volume 55, Issue 6, pp. 1383-1403

Faruk Dilaver, Gel Dosta Gidelim - Yunus Emre Hayatı, Divanı ve Risaletün Nushiyye, Destek Yayınları, No: 357, İstanbul, 2013

Frederick Schauer, “Why Precedent in Law (and Elsewhere) is Not Totally (or Even Substantially) About Analogy”, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, pp. 454-460

Gary R. VandenBos, APA Dictionary of Psychology, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2015

George P. Chrousos, “Stress and Disorders of the Stress System”, Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2009, 5, pp. 374–381, doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.106

H. Hilmi Özdemir, “Hâkim ve Savcılarda Bulunması Gereken Nitelik ve Yeteneklerle, Tutum ve Davranışlar”, Yargıtay Dergisi, 2002, Cilt 28, Sayı 3, pp. 261-280

Henry Mintzberg, Frances Westley, “Decision Making: It’s Not What You Think”, MIT Sloan Management Review Cambridge, 2001, Volume 42, Issue 3, pp. 89-93

İbn-i Sina, El-Kanun Fi’t-Tıbb, 1th Book, Translator: Esin Kâhya, Atatürk Culture Center Publication: 371, Ankara, 2009

James P. Herman, Helmer Figueiredo, Nancy K. Mueller, Yvonne UlrichLai, Michelle M. Ostrander, Dennis C. Choi, William E. Cullinan, “Central Mechanisms of Stress Integration: Hierarchical Circuitry Controlling Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Adrenocortical Responsiveness”, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 2003, Volume 24, Issue 3, pp. 151-180

Jean-Charles Pomerol,” Artificial Intelligence and Human Decision Making”, European Journal of Operational Research, 1997, 99, pp. 3-25

Jean-Charles Pomerol, “Decision Making Biases and Context”, Journal of Decision Systems, 2003, Volume 12, Issue 3-4, pp. 235-252

Jean Decety, Jason M. Cowell, “Empathy, Justice, and Moral Behavior”, American Journal of Bioethics: Neuroscience, 2015, 6 (3), pp. 3–14

Jean Decety, Yoshiya Moriguchi, “The Empathic Brain and Its Dysfunction in Psychiatric Populations: Implications for Intervention across Different Clinical Conditions”, BioPsychoSocial Medicine - The Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine, 2007, 1:22, pp. 1-21

Jean Decety, William Ickes, The Social Neuroscience of Empathy, Published to MIT Press Scholarship Online, 2013

Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, “Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Lawmaking”, University of Chicago Law Review, Cornell Law Faculty Publications, 2006, 883:891, pp. 933-964

Jennifer Mencl, Douglas R. May, “The Effects of Proximity and Empathy on Ethical Decision Making: An Exploratory Investigation”, Journal of Business Ethics, 2009, Volume 85, Issue 2, pp. 201–226

Jennifer Rowley, Frances Slack, “Conceptions of Wisdom”, Journal of Information Science, 2008, Volume 35, Issue 1, pp. 110-119

Jennifer S. Lerner, Ye Li, Piercarlo Valdesolo, Karim Kassam, “Emotion and Decision Making”, Annual Review of Psychology, 2015, Volume 66, pp. 799- 823

John Brockman, Zihin, Çeviri: Beyza Bilal, Zeynel Gül, Alfa Basım Yayın Dağıtım San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti., İstanbul, 2011

John D. Mayer, David R. Caruso, Peter Salovey, “Emotional Intelligence Meets Traditional Standards for an Intelligence”, Intelligence, 1999, Volume 27, Issue 4, pp. 267-298

John D. Mayer, Richard D. Roberts, Sigal G. Barsade, “Human Abilities: Emotional Intelligence”, Annual Reviews Psychology, 2008, 59, pp. 507-536

John D. Mayer, Maria DiPaolo, Peter Salovey, “Perceiving Affective Content in Ambiguous Visual Stimuli: A Component of Emotional Intelligence”, Journal of Personality Assessment, 1990, 54, pp. 772-781

John N. Drobak, Douglass C. North, “Understanding Judicial Decision Making: The Importance of Constraints on Non-Rational Deliberations”, Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 2008, Volume 134, pp. 26-131

John R. Anderson, “Acquisiton of Cognitive Skill”, Psychological Review, 1982, Volume 89, No. 4, pp. 369-406

Jonathan St. B. T. Evans, “In Two Minds: Dual Process Accounts of Reasoning”, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2003, Volume 7, No. 10, pp. 454-459

Jorge Armony, Patrik Vuilleumier, The Cambridge Handbook of Human Affective Neuroscience, Cambridge University Press New York, 2013

Joseph P. Simmons, Leif D. Nelson, “Intuitive Confidence: Choosing Between Intuitive and Nonintuitive Alternatives”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2006, Volume 135, No. 3, pp. 409–428

Joshua A. Weller, Irwin P. Levin, Baba Shiv, Antoine Bechara, “Neural Correlates of Adaptive Decision Making for Risky Gains and Losses”, Psychological Science, Volume 18, Number 11, pp. 958-964

Judith Resnik, “Managerial Judges”, Harvard Law Review, Faculty Scholarship Series, 1982, 96: 374, pp. 376-446

Julie A. Alvarez, Eugene Emory, “Executive Function and The Frontal Lobes: A Meta - Analytic Review”, Neuropsychology Review, 2006, Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 17–42

June J. Pilcher, Drew M. Morris, Janet Donnelly, Hayley B. Feigl, “Interactions between Sleep Habits and Self-Control”, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2015, Volume 9, Article 284, pp. 1-5

K. Anders Ericsson, Neil Charness, Paul J. Feltovich, Robert R. Hoffman, The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; New York, 2006

Katarina Dedovic, Annie Duchesne, Julie Andrews, Veronika Engert, Jens C. Pruessner, “The Brain and The Stress Axis: The Neural Correlates of Cortisol Regulation in Response to Stress”, NeuroImage, 2009, Volume 47, Issue 3, pp. 864-871

Kathleen D. Vohs, Roy F. Baumeister, Brandon J. Schmeichel, Jean M. Twenge, Noelle M. Nelson, Dianne M. Tice, “Making Choices Impairs Subsequent SelfControl: A Limited-Resource Account of Decision Making, Self-Regulation, and Active Initiative”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2008, Volume 94, No. 5, pp. 883–898

Kathleen M. Galotti, Making Decisions That Matter: How People Face Important Life Choices, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, New Jersey, 2009

Kathryn E. Flynn, Maureen A. Smith, “Personality and Health Care Decision Making Style”, The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 2007, Volume 62, Issue 5, pp. 261–267

Katrin Starcke, Matthias Brand, “Decision Making Under Stress: A Selective Review”, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2012, Volume 36, Issue 4, pp. 1228-1248

Kay Evans, “A Story of Leadership and Management Development: How The Judicial College in England and Wales Supports Modern Judges in Their Roles as Leaders and Managers”, Questione Giustizia, 2016, 1, pp. 1-7

Keith J. Holyoak, Robert G. Morrison, The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning, Oxford University Press, New York, 2016

Kent Greenawalt, “Discretion and Judicial Decision: The Elusive Quest for the Fetters That Bind Judges”, Columbia Law Review, 1975, Volume 75, No. 2, pp. 359-399

Kirsten Hilger, Matthias Ekman, Christian J. Fiebach, Ulrike Basten, “Efficient Hubs in The Intelligent Brain: Nodal Efficiency of Hub Regions in The Salience Network is Associated with General Intelligence”, Intelligence, 2017, 60, pp. 10-25

Kirsten Hilger, Matthias Ekman, Christian J. Fiebach, Ulrike Basten, “Intelligence Is Associated with The Modular Structure of Intrinsic Brain Networks”, Nature Scientific Reports, 2017, 7, Article number: 16088, pp. 1-12, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15795-7

Lawrence B. Solum, “Virtue Jurisprudence: A Virtue Centered Theory of Judging”, Metaphilosophy, 2003, 34, pp. 178-213

Lee M. Pierson, Monroe Trout, “What is Consciousness for?”, New Ideas in Psychology, 2017, Volume 47, pp. 62-71

Lee Roy Beach, Terry Connolly, The Psychology of Decision Making People in Organizations, Second Edition, Sage Publicitaion, USA, 2005

Madeline B. Harms, “Stress and Exploitative Decision Making”, Journal of Neuroscience, 2017, 37 (42), pp. 10035-10037

Mandeep K. Dhami, Ian K. Belton, “On Getting Inside the Judge’s Mind”, Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 2017, Volume 3, No. 2, pp. 214– 226

Mandeep K. Dhami, Peter Ayton, “Bailing and Jailing the Fast and Frugal Way”, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 2001, Volume 14, Issue 2, pp. 141-168

Manjur Hossain Patoari, Mohammad Hasan Murad, Salahuddin Mahmud, “The Desired Qualities of a Good Judge”, Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies - MCSER Publishing, Rome – Italy, 2014, Volume 3, No 1, pp. 97-103

Manuel Mendonca, “Preparing for Ethical Leadership in Organizations”, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Version of Record online: 8 APR 2009, Volume 18, Issue 4, pp. 266-276

Marjorie A. Silver, “Emotional Intelligence and Legal Education”, Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 1999, Volume 5, No. 4, pp. 1173-1203

Martin G. Kocher, Matthias Sutter, “Time is Money — Time Pressure, Incentives, And The Quality of Decision Making”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2006, Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 375-392

Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice, Cambridge University Press, USA, 2000

Martijn P. van den Heuvel, Cornelis J. Stam, René S. Kahn, Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol, “Efficiency of Functional Brain Networks and Intellectual Performance”, Journal of Neuroscience, 2009, 29 (23), pp. 7619-7624

Matar Haller, John Case, Nathan E. Crone, Edward F. Chang, David KingStephens, Kenneth D. Laxer, Peter B. Weber, Josef Parvizi, Robert T. Knight, Avgusta Y. Shestyuk, “Persistent Neuronal Activity in Human Prefrontal Cortex Links Perception and Action”, Nature Human Behaviour, 2017, Volume 2, pp. 80-91

Matthias Sutter, Martin Kocher, Sabine Strauß, “Bargaining Under Time Pressure in an Experimental Ultimatum Game”, Economics Letters, 2003, Volume 81, Issue 3, pp. 341-347

MD Haque, Lu Liu, Angela TitiAmayah, “The Role of Patience as a Decision Making Heuristic in Leadership”, Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 2017, Volume 12, No. 2, pp. 111-129

Melissa L. Finucane, Ali Alhakami, Stephen M. Johnson, “The Affect Heuristic in Judgments of Risks and Benefits”, Behavioral Decision Making, 2000, 13, pp. 1–17

Michael Domjan, Koşullama ve Öğrenmenin Temelleri, Çeviren: Hakan Çetinkaya, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları No: 28, 2004

Michael S. Gazzaniga, Tales from Both Sides of the Brain A life in Neuroscience, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 2015

Michèle Bernard-Requin, “The Search for Truth in Judicial Psychology and Psychiatry. Psychology in The Judicial Decision Making”, Annales MédicoPsychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique, 2012, Volume 170, Issue 2

Milton J. Rosenberg, “The Qualities of Justice – Are They Strainable?”, Texas Law Review, 44, 1063

Mustafa Avcı, “Mecelle’ye Göre Hâkimin Nitelikleri ve Yargılama Etiği”, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 2016, Yıl: 7, Sayı: 27, pp. 33-58

Nancy C. Andreasen, Cesur Yeni Beyin, Çeviren: Yıldırım B. Doğan, Okuyan Us Yayın, İstanbul, 2003

Neil Vidmar, “The Psychology of Trial Judging”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2011, Volume 20, No. 1, Special Issue on Psychology and Law, pp. 58-62

Nicola S. Schutte, John M. Malouff, Chad Bobik, Tracie D. Coston, Cyndy Greeson, Christina Jedlicka, Emily Rhodes, Greta Wendorf, “Emotional Intelligence and Interpersonal Relations”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 141:4, pp. 523-536

Nicholas Humprey, “Consciousness as Art”, Scientific American, Summer 2017, Volume 26, No. 3, pp. 4-9

Nozomu Hirano, “The Latest Developments in The Judicial Practices of Special Departments of Medical Malpractice Litigation in Japanese Courts”, UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 2014, Volume 32, Issue 1, pp. 55-76

Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed., 2010

Paul B. Baltes, Ursula M. Staudinger, “Wisdom: A Metaheuristic (Pragmatic) to Orchestrate Mind and Virtue toward Excellence”, American Psychologist, 2000, Volume 55, No. 1, pp. 122-136

Paul M. Muchinsky, Psychology Applied to Work, Wadsworth / Thomson Learning, USA, 1999

Pelin Çift, Ahmet Şimşirligil, Adalet Ustaları, Destek Yayınları: 878, İstanbul, 2017

Peter Matthews, “What Lies Beyond Knowledge Management: Wisdom Creation and Versatility”, Journal of Knowledge Management, 1997, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp. 207-214

Piercesare Grimaldi, Hakwan Lau, Michele A. Basso, “There Are Things That We Know That We Know, And There Are Things That We Do Not Know We Do Not Know: Confidence in Decision-Making”, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2015, Volume 55, pp. 88-97

Ramazan Altıntaş, “Mevlânâ’da İrade Hürriyeti”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2004, Cilt: VIII / 2, pp.1-15

Randall Kiser, “The Emotionally Attentive Lawyer: Balancing The Rule of Law with The Realities of Human Behavior”, Nevada Law Journal, 2015, Volume 15, Issue 2, Article 3, pp. 442-463

Richard M. Lerner, Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, Wiley Online Library, 2015, DOI: 10.1002/9781118963418

Robert J. Sternberg, Handbook of Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000

Robert J. Sternberg, Douglas K. Detterman, What is Intelligence? Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1986

Robert J. Sternberg, Scott Barry Kaufmann, The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, USA, 2011

Robert R. McCrae, Paul T. Costa, Personality in Adulthood: A Five-factor Theory Perspective, Guilford Press, New York, 2003

Robert Stickgold, “Sleep on It”, Scientific American, 2017, Volume 26, No. 3, pp. 54-59

Rongjun Yu, “Stress Potentiates Decision Biases: A Stress Induced Deliberation-To-Intuition (SIDI) Model”, Neurobiology of Stress, 2016, Volume 3, pp. 83-95

Sander L. Koole, “The Psychology of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review”, Cognition and Emotion, 2009, 23 (1), pp. 4-41

Santiago Basabe-Serranoa, “The Quality of Judicial Decisions in Supreme Courts: A Conceptual Definition and Index Applied to Eleven Latin American Countries”, Justice System Journal, 2016, Volume 37, No. 4, pp. 331–347

Sebastian Bobadilla - Suarez, Bradley C. Love, “Fast or Frugal, but Not Both: Decision Heuristics under Time Pressure”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2017, Advance Online Publication, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000419

Shai Danzigera, Jonathan Levavb, Liora Avnaim-Pessoa, edited by Daniel Kahneman, “Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions”, Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, Volume 108, No. 17, pp. 6889–6892

Simon van Gaal, Floris PP. de Lange, Michael X Cohen, “The Role of Consciousness in Cognitive Control and Decision Making”, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2012, Volume 6, Article 121, pp. 1-15

Sirel Karakaş, Kognitif Nörobilimler, MN Medikal & Nobel, Ankara, 2008

Solomon E. Fulero, Edith Greene, Valerie Hans, Michael T. Nietzel, Mark A. Small, Lawrence S. Wrightsman, “Undergraduate Education in Legal Psychology”, Law and Human Behavior, 1999, Volume 23, No. 1, 1999, pp. 137-153

Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, Ed Diener, “The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success?”, Psychological Bulletin, 2005, Volume 131, No. 6, pp. 803–855

Stephan Pabst, Matthias Brand, Oliver T. Wolf, “Stress and Decision Making: A Few Minutes Make All the Difference”, Behavioural Brain Research, 2013, Volume 250, pp. 39-45

Stephen Gaukroger, Francis Bacon and The Transformation of Early-Modern Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, USA, 2001

Steven A. Sloman, “The Empirical Case for Two Systems of Reasoning”, Psychological Bulletin, 1996, 119, No. 1, pp. 3-22

Sulhi Dönmezer, “Hukuk ve Hayat”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, 1957, Cilt 21, Sayı 1-4, pp. 424-433

Susan E. F. Chipman, The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science, Oxford University Press, New York, 2017

Şemseddin Sami, Orhun Abideleri, Hazırlayan: Gıyasettin Aytaş, Akçağ Yayınları: 1093, 3. Baskı, Ankara, 2017

Şükrü Haluk Akalın, Bin Yıl Önce Bin Yıl Sonra Kaşgarlı Mahmud ve Divanü Lugati-t Türk, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 945, Ankara, 2008

Terry A. Maroney, “Emotional Regulation and Judicial Behavior”, California Law Review, 2011, Volume 99, Issue 6, pp. 1485-1556

Tess M. S. Neal, Eve M. Brank, “Could Mindfulness Improve Judicial Decision Making?”, Monitor on Psychology, 2014, Volume 45, No. 3, Print version: page 26

Thilo Hinterberger, “The Science of Consciousness – Basics, Models, and Visions”, Journal of Physiology – Paris, 2015, 109, pp. 143–151

Thomas Gilovich, Dale Griffin, Daniel Kahneman, Heurisitcs and Biases, Cambridge University Press, USA, 2002

Tim LeBon, Wise Therapy: Philosophy for Counsellor, Sage Publications, London, 2001

Tim Shallice, Richard P. Cooper, The Organization of Mind, Oxford University Press, 2011

Tracy D. Eells, C. Robert Showalter, “Work Related Stress in American Trial Judges”, Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law, 1994, Volume 22, No. 1, pp. 71-83

Ulrike Basten, Kirsten Hilger, Christian J. Fiebach, “Where Smart Brains Are Different: A Quantitative Meta-analysis of Functional and Structural Brain Imaging Studies on Intelligence”, Intelligence, 2015, 51, pp. 10-27

Zoltan Torey, The Conscious Mind, The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series, USA, 2014

Zoltan Torey with a foreword by Daniel C. Dennett, The Crucible of Consciousness an Integrated Theory of Mind and Brain, MIT Press Edition, 2009

http://www.apa.org/action/science/index.aspx

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/sleep/conditioninfo/Pages/ rem-sleepp.aspx

https://www.seslisozluk.net/

http://www.tdk.gov.tr

https://www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2017/07/10/how-elon-muskproved-that-thought-leadership-is-the-new-patriotism/#32bcd0a82440

https://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/ publications/model_code_of_judicial_conduct.html