Main characteristics of urban planning and its effects on fundamental rights and freedoms with special reference to Turkish law

Şehirler, toplumların ulaştığı medeniyet seviyesinin göstergesidir. Hızlı şehirleşme, üstesinden gelinemeyecek birçok problem doğurmuştur.Plansızşehirleşme en başta gecekondulaşma sonucunu doğurmuştur.Planlama süresince yaşanan aksamalar hak ve özgürlükler üzerinde olum-suz etkiler doğurmaktadır.İdarenin görevi, planlama sürecinde ortaya çı-kan olumsuzlukların ortadan kaldırılmasını sağlamaktır.Şehir yaşamındatemel hak ve özgürlükleri etkileyen olumsuzlukların ortadan kaldırılması ve toplumun yaşam seviyesinin yükseltilmesi idarenin temel önceliği ol-mak durumundadır. Doğru bir planlama süreci, sağlıklı, düzenli ve estetik birşehir yaşamı anlamına gelecektir. İmar planlama çalışmaları sağlıklıbirşekilde gerçekleştirildiğinde temel hak ve özgürlükler üzerinde olum-lu etkiler doğururken, sağlıklı bir plan çalışması yapılamadığı durum-larda, hak ve özgürlükleri olumsuz etkilemesi kaçınılmazdır. Başta mül-kiyet hakkı olmak üzere, hak ve özgürlüklerin kullanılması, imar planla-ma çalışmalarıyla yakından ilgilidir. İmar planlarında ortaya çıkan hu-kuka aykırılık temel hak ve özgürlüklere hukuka aykırı bir şekilde müda-hale edilmesi sonucunu doğuracaktır.İmar planlama çalışmaları, temel hak ve özgürlükleri kısıtlama etkisine sahiptir. Ancak, temel hak ve öz-gürlüklerin anlamlı olabilmesi ve kullanılabilmesi bakımından da imar planlamasının belirleyici bir katkısı olduğu tartışmasızdır.

Urban planning is one of the quandaries of modern society. Rapid growth in urbanization has brought about significant problems that the public authorities could not handle with, and led to the formation of slum areas and shanty constructions all over the world. As a result, many people have to suffer from the negative effects of such developments, and to have a very low standard of living. As a governmental work and duty, ur-ban planning is to minimize the negative effects of urbanization, and also to maximize the quality of life in the urban areas. This task may be achieved by the preparation and the implementation of urban develop-ment plans. These plans must bear certain features in order to achieve the public benefits that are expected from it. Applications of urban deve-lopment plans have significant effects on human rights. It affects the fundamental rights and freedoms of persons in two ways, either negative or positive. If the implementation of a plan directly gives rise to the restriction of a right (i.e., barring someone from constructing a building on his land), this sort of effects may be classified as those of negative-dimension. On the other hand, if the non-implementation results in the violation of persons basic rights (i.e., in cases of right to housing or to decent environment), this may be regarded as positive-dimension effects on human rights. In this article, the main characteristics of urban planning (urban development plans), and its effects upon some of the basic rights and freedoms of persons are explored.

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