Bilal KESKİN, Hakkı AKDENİZ, Mehmet Ali BOZKURT

Kireçli Bir Mera Toprağında Arıtma Çamuru Dozlarının ve Uygulama Zamanının Ekstrakte Edilebilir Metal Konsantrasyonuna Etkisi

Bu çalışmanın amacı artan oranlarda arıtma çamuru dozlarının ve uygulama zamanının üç yıl süreyle kireçli bir toprakta DTPA (dietilen triamin penta asetikasit) ile ekstrakte edilebilir besin elementi ve ağır metal konsantrasyonuna etkisini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, mera karışımının azotlu gübre ihtiyacını karşılamak için arıtma çamuru farklı oranlarda (0, 4.1, 8.2 ve 16.4 ton ha-1) ve dönemlerde (ilkbahar ve sonbahar) uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, artan çamur uygulamaları 0-20 cm derinlikte DTPA ile ekstrakte edilebilir metal konsantrasyonunu önemli düzeyde artırmıştır. Sonbahara göre ilkbahar dönemi çamur uygulaması toprak pH'sını azaltmış ve ekstrakte edilebilir metal konsantrasyonlarını artırmıştır. Artan arıtma çamuru dozları ile DTPA Zn konsantrasyonu tüm toprak derinliklerinde her iki yıl artmıştır. Deneme sonunda, toprakta belirlenen ağır metal içeriklerinin bitkisel üretim açısından olumsuz etki oluşturacak düzeylere ulaşmadığı belirlenmiştir. Denemenin yürütüldüğü Van yöresi topraklarının yüksek kireç ve alkalin pH'ya sahip olması çamurdan gelen ağır metallerin çözünürlüğünün düşük olmasına ve toksik etki görülmemesine neden olmuştur. Buna rağmen, mera topraklarında uzun dönem çamur uygulamalarının etkisi takip edilmelidir.

The Effects of Sewage Sludge Application Doses and Times on Extractable Metal Concentrations in a Calcareous Pasture Soil

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the increasingdoses of sewage sludge and different application times on DTPA(diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) extractable nutrients and heavymetal concentration in calcareous soil for three years. For thispurpose, sewage sludge was applied at different rates (0, 4.1, 8.2, 16.4t ha-1) and periods (spring and autumn) to meet the nitrogen fertilizerrequirement of grass-legume mixtures. Experiment results showedthat cumulative sludge applications significantly increased DTPAextractable metal concentrations for 0-20 cm. Sludge application inspring period reduced the soil pH and increased the extractable metalconcentrations compared to the autumn. Sludge application dosesincreased DTPA-Zn concentration for all soil depths and years. At theend of the experiment, it was determined that the heavy metalcontents in the soil did not reach the levels that would have a negativeeffect on plant production. The fact that Van soil is rich in lime andalkaline pH of the soil, where the experiment was carried out, causedthe solubility of heavy metals from sewage sludge to be low and toxiceffect not to be seen. However, long-term sludge application should befollowed in soil.

PDF

___

Anonymous 2005. Toprak Kirliliğinin Kontrolü Yönetmeliği. 14 Mart 2005 Tarih ve 25755 Sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara.
Anonymous 2019. Van Meteoroloji Bölge Müdürlüğü Kayıtları, Van.
Bansal OP, Singh G, Katiyar P 2014. Effect of Untreated Sewage Effluent Irrigation on Heavy Metal Content, Microbial Population and Enzymatic Activities of Soils in Aligarh. J Environ Biol 35: 641-647.
Cogger CG, Barry AI, Fransen SC, Sullivan DM 2001. Seven Years of Biosolid Versus Inorganic Nitrogen Applications to Tall Fescue. J Environ Qual 30: 2188-2194.
Gomez KA, Gomez AA 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. A. Wiley Intersience Publication, Los Banos, 680 p.
Kacar B 1994. Toprak Analizleri. Bitki ve Toprağın Kimyasal Analizleri: III. Ankara Üniv. Egitim Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara, 705 sy.
Keskin B, Bozkurt MA, Akdeniz A 2012. Effects of Sewage Sludge and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Nutrient and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Grass-Legume Mixtures. Iğdır Univ J Inst Sci Tech 2: 93-102.
Khan KD, Frankland B 1983. Chemical Forms of Cd and Pb in Some Contaminated Soils. Environ Pollut 6: 15-31.
Kitczak T, Kiepas-Kokot A, Czyz H 2016. Yielding and Heavy Metals Accumulation in The Biomass of Grass Cultivated in Substrata with The Participation of Municipal Sewage Sludge and Green Waste Compost. Pol J Environ Stud 25: 2009- 2014.
Kukal SS, Saha D, Bhowmika A, Dubey RK 2012. Water Retention Characteristics of Soil BioAmendments Used as Growing Media in Pot Culture. J Appl Hort 14: 92-97.
Kwon SI, Jang YA, Owens G, Kim MK, Jung GB, Hong SC, Chae MJ, Kim KR 2014. Long-Term Assessment of The Environmental Soil After Cessation of Organic Waste Treatments. Environ Geochem Health 36: 409-419.
Malinowska E 2016. The Effects of Compost Made with Sewage Sludge on Heavy Metal Content in Soil and in Lolium Multiflorum Lam. J Ecol Eng 17: 106- 112.
Mosquera-Losada MR, Lopez-Diaz L, RigueiroRodriguez A 2001. Sewage Sludge Fertilization of a Silvopastoral System with Pines in Northwestern Spain. Agroforest Syst 53: 1-10.
Mohamed B, Mounia K, Aziz A, Ahmed H, Rachid B, Lotfi A 2018. Sewage Sludge Used as Organic Manure in Moroccan Sunflower Culture: Effects on Certain Soil Properties, Growth and Yield Components. Sci Total Environ 627: 681-688.
Neves TI, Uyeda CA, Carvalho M, Abrahao R 2018. Environmental Evaluation of the Life Cycle of Elephant Grass Fertilization-Cenchrus Purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone-Using Chemical Fertilization and Biosolids. Environ Monit Assess 190: 1-8.
Rigueiro-Rodriguez A, Castro S, Mosquera-Losada MR 2010. Effect of Dose and Period of Sewage Sludge Application on Soil, Tree and Pasture Components in a Pinus Radiata D.Don Silvopastoral System. Agroforest Syst 79: 237-247.
Rigueiro-Rodriguez A, Mosquera-Losada MR, Ferreiro-Dominguez N 2012. Pasture and Soil Zinc Evolution in Forest and Agriculture Soils of Northwest Spain Three Years After Fertilisation with Sewage Sludge. Agric Ecosyst Environ 150: 111-120.
Sharma B, Sarkar A, Singh P, Singh RP 2017. Agricultural Utilization of Biosolids: A Review on Potential Effects on Soil and Plant Grown. Waste Manage 64: 117-132.
Silva MAG, Bull LT, Miggiolaro AE, Antonangelo JA, Muniz AS 2013. Heavy metal extracted by DTPA and organic acid from amended with urban or industrial residues. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 44: 3216-3220.
Singh J, Kumar A 2014. Mobility of heavy metals in sewage sludge applied soil and its uptake by radish (Raphanus Sativus L.). Int J Agric Stat Sci 10: 521- 526.
Sorensen P, Rubaek GH 2012. Leaching of nitrate and phosphorus after autumn and spring application of separated solid animal manures to winter wheat. Soil Use Manage 28: 1-11.
Tziachris P, Lekasis E, Zambetoglou K, Metaxa I, Papadopoulos F 2017. A case study of the effects of sewage sludge application on soil properties and heavy metal availability in the Thessaloniki Plain (Greece). Waste Biomass Valorization 8: 1803-1811.
Ullah H, Khan I 2015. Effects of sewage water irrigation of cabbage to soil geochemical properties and products safety in peri-urban Peshawar, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 187: 1-12.
Wolejko E, Butarewicz A, Wydro U, Loboda T 2014. Advantages and potential risks of municipal sewage sludge application to urban soil. Desalin Water Treat 52: 3732-3742.
Wolejko E, Butarewicz A, Wydro U, Loboda T 2015. Effects of different kinds of sewage sludge amendment on urban lawn grasses. Journal Ecol Eng 16: 164-170.
Wolna-Maruwka A, Sulewska H, Niewidomska A, Panasiewicz K, Borowiak K, Ratajczak K 2018. The influence of sewage sludge and a consortium of aerobic microorganisms added to the soil under a willow plantation on the biological indicators of transformation of organic nitrogen compounds. Pol J Environ Stud 27:403-412.
Wu L, Cheng M, Li Z, Ren J, Shen L, Wang S, Luo Y, Christie P 2012. Major nutrients, heavy metals and PBDEs in soils after long-term sewage sludge application. J Soils Sediments 12: 531-541.
Zahedifar M, Dehghani M, Moosavi AA, Gavili E 2017. Temporal variation of total and DTPA-extractable heavy metal contents as influenced by sewage sludge and perlite in a calcareous soil. Arch Agron Soil Sci 63: 136-149.