Afganistan'ın Doğu Bölgesinde Gıda Güvenliğini Etkileyen Faktörler

Hanehalkı gıda güvensizliği son yıllarda Afganistan'da özellikle doğu bölgesinde çok sayıda faktörün neden olduğu önemli bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Afganistan'ın doğu bölgesindeki hanehalkı düzeyinde gıda güvenliğini etkileyen faktörleri incelemek ve analiz etmektir. Bu çalışmada, Afganistan hükümeti ve uluslararası kuruluşların ortaklaşa yürüttükleri ve Afganistan'ın Doğu Bölgesinde 49 ilçede 99310'dan fazla kişiden oluşan 9774 hanehalklarıyla gerçekleştirilen anketler kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, gıda güvensizliğinin kritik faktörlerinin güvensizlik, yoksulluk; sürdürülemez geçim kaynakları, iş imkanı eksikliği; düşük ücret ve gelir, kırsal alanlarda topraksızlık ve büyük mülteci ve yaşadığı bölgeyi terk ettirilen insanlar göçü olduğunu göstermektedir. Araştırmada, hanehalklarının %46.9'unun gıda güvensizliği olduğunu,% 49.6'sının son bir ayda açlıkla karşı karşıya kaldığını ve hanelerin%48'inin kötü ve sınırda yiyecek tüketim skoru yaşadığını saptamıştır. Ayrıca, hanehalklarının %46.2'snda azaltılmış kopya stratejisi endeksi orta, yüksek veya çok yüksek düzeyde bulunmuştur.

The Factors Affecting Food Security in the Eastern Region of Afghanistan

Household food insecurity has become a significant problem in recentyears in Afghanistan particularly in the eastern region which iscaused by numerous factors. Hence, the purpose of this paper was toexamine and analyze the factors that affect food security at thehousehold level in the eastern region of Afghanistan. Government andinternational organizations have jointly conducted the householdsurvey in the Eastern Region of Afghanistan containing 9774households over 99310 individuals in 49 districts. The result showedthat the critical factors of food insecurity were caused by insecurity,poverty; unsustainable livelihoods, lack of job opportunities; low wageand income, landlessness in rural areas, and a huge influx of refugeeand internally displaced people (IDP) migration. The study found that46.9% of households were food insecure while 49.6% faced hunger inthe last one month and 48% of households had poor and borderlinefood consumption score. Furthermore, 46.2% of households hadmoderate to extremely reduced copy strategy index.

PDF

___

Abdullah DZ, Tariq S, Sajjad A, Waqar A, Izhar U, Aasir I 2017. Factors Affecting Household Food Security in Rural Northern Hinter Land of Pakistan. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18(2): 201-210.
AFSANA 2014. Policy Statement on Food and Nutrition Security by the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/afg152445.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
Akbay C 2018. Household Nutrition Habits and Food Consumption in Turkey. KSÜ Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 21: 67-79.
Akbay C, Bilgiç A 2011. Türkiye’de 2003-2008 Dönemlerinde Tüketim Harcamaları ile Gıda Harcamalarında Meydana Gelen Değişimler. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 17(1): 73-79.
Akbay C, Boz I, Chern WC 2007. Household Food Consumption in Turkey. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 34(2): 209-231.
Akbay C, Boz I, Chern WC 2008. Household Food Consumption in Turkey a Reply. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 35(1): 99-102
ALCS 2016. Afghanistan Living Condition Survey (ALCS), Central Statistics Organization Report. Kabul. https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/afghanistan/440 72/results-afghanistan-living-conditions-surveyalcs-2016-17-released_en. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
ALCS 2017. Survey of the Afghan People. The Asia foundation, Kabul, Afghanistan. https ://asiafoundation.org/publication/afghanistan-2017- survey-afghan-people/. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
Ali A, Khan MA 2013. Livestock Ownership in Ensuring Rural Household Food Security in Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 23(1): 313-318.
Andersen S 1990. Core Indicators of Nutritional State for Difficult to Sample Populations. The Journal of Nutrition, 120 (11): 1555-1660.
Anna D, Joliffe D 2011. Wheat Flour Price Socks and Household Food Security in Afghanistan, Economic Research Service. USDA, Economic Research report, Number:121.
Ballard T, Coates J, Swindale A, Deitchler M 2011. Household Hunger Scale: Indicator Definition and Measurement Guide (FHI 360). Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II Project. Washington DC.
Barrett CB 2010. Measuring Food Insecurity. Department of Applied Economics and Management, Warren Hall, Cornell University, 327 (5967): 825-828.
Bashir MK, Schilizzi S, Pandit R 2012. The Determinants of Rural Household Food Security: The Case of Landless Households of the Punjab, Pakistan, Working Paper 1208, School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
Bogale A 2012. Vulnerability of Smallholder Rural Households to Food Insecurity in Eastern Ethiopia. The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, 4 (4): 581-591.
Butaumocho B, Chitiyo PT 2017. A Comparative Analysis of Household Food security Measures in rural Zimbabwe. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics, 5(2): 41-58.
Calogero C, Zezza A, Banerjee R 2013. Towards Better Measurement of Household Food Security: Harmonizing Indicators and the Role of Household Surveys. Global Food Security, 2: 30-40.
Chang Y, Chatterjee S, Kim J 2014. Household Finance and Food Insecurity. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35(4): 499-515.
Chibende CP 2011. Gender and Household Food Security: A case for Kalulushi District, Zambia. A Research Paper, Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands.
Crush J, Frayne B 2011. Supermarket Expansion and the Informal Food Economy in Southern African Cities Implications for Urban Food Security. Journal of Southern Africa, 37(4): 781-807.
CSO 2008. National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA). Kabul, Afghanistan. At: http://cso .gov .af/Content/files/NRVA%20REPORTrev-5%202008.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
CSO 2013. National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA). Kabul, Afghanistan. At: http://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/6557/stud y-description. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
FAO 2003. Trade Reforms and Food Security: Conceptualizing the Linkages. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FAO 2006. The State of Food Insecurity in the World. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FAO 2009. The State of Food Insecurity in the world. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
FAO 2016. The State of Food and Agriculture: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. http://www.fao. org/3/a-i6132e.pd. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
FAO 2017. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. http://www.fao.org/3/a-I7695e.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
Frongillo Jr. EA, Olson CM, Rauschenbach BS, Kendall A 1997. Nutritional Consequences of Food Insecurity in a Rural New York State County. Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Papers 1120-97, University of Wisconsin Institute for Research on Poverty.
FSIN 2017. Global Report on Food Crises. P: 13: 97-10. http://www.fao.org/3/a-br323e.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
Gittlesohn J, Mookherji S, Pelto G 1998. Operationalizing Household Food Security in Nepal. Food Nutr Bulleten, 19: 210-220.
Hala G, Annie B, Sassine Mark N, Nadine R 2015. Prevalence and Correlates of Food Insecurity among Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon: Data from a Household Survey. Center for Research on Population and Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
Hamad H, Khashroum A 2016. Household Food Insecurity (HFIS): Definitions, Measurements, Socio-Demographic and Economic Aspects. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 6(2): 63-75.
Icheria B 2012. Household Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies among Small Scale Farmers in Tharaka Central Division, Kenya. P: iv.
Johnecheck WA, Holland DA 2007. Nutritional Status in Post Conflict Afghanistan: Evidence from the National Surveillance System Pilot and National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Kaiser LL, Melgar QH, Townsend MS, Nicholson Y, Fujii ML, Guo B 2011. Household Assets and Food Security: Evidence from the Survey of Program Dynamics. Journal of Family Economics issues, 32(1): 98-110.
Kassie M, Jaleta M, Shiferaw BA, Mmbando F, De Groote H 2012. Improved Maize Technologies and Welfare Outcomes in Smallholder Systems: Evidence from Application of Parametric and Nonparametric Approaches. Paper presented at the 2012 Conference, August 18-24, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil.
Kidane H, Alemu ZG, Kundhlande G, 2005. Causes of Household Food Insecurity in Koredegaga Peasant Association, Oromiya Zone, Ethiopia. Agrekon, 44(4): 543-560.
Lemba JK 2009. Intervention Model for Sustainable Household Food Security in The Dry lands of Kenya: Case Study of Mokena District. PhD Thesis in Applied Biological Sciences: (Agriculture), Ghent University.
Mango N, Zamasiya B, Makate C, Nyikahadzoi K, Siziba S 2014. Factors Influencing Household Food Security among Smallholder Farmers in the Mudzi District of Zimbabwe. Dev. Southern Africa, 31(4): 625-640.
Maxwell D, Caldwell R 2008. The Coping Strategies Index: Field Methods Manual. Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere Inc. USA.
Maxwell D, Ahiadeke C, Levin C, Armar-Klemesu M, Zakariah S, Lamptey GM 1999. Alternative FoodSecurity Indicators: Revisiting the Frequency and Severity of Coping Strategies. Food Policy, 24: 411- 429.
Michael V, Fazal KN, Brian B. 2007. Afghanistan Food Security Conditions and Causes, Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET). Afghanistan.
Mudefi AR 2011. Fast Track Land Reform Programs and Household Food Security: The Case of Mutare District (Zimbabwe). Department of Human Ecology at the University of South Africa.
Onismo M 2015. An Assessment of Household Food Security in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study of Bindura Municipal Area, Mashonaland Central, Zimbabwe.
Patrick S 2012. Determinants of Food Accessibility of Rural Households in the Limpopo Province. South Africa, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering. Universiteit gent.
Philip KA 2014. Determinants of Food Availability and Access in Ghana: What Can We Learn Beyond the Regression Results? Studies in Agricultural Economics, 116: 153-164.
Ribar D, Hamrick K 2003. An Analysis of Poverty and Food Sufficiency Dynamics. USDA Economic Research Service, Washington, DC.
Riely F, Mock N, Cogill B, Bailey L, Kenefick E 1999. Food Security Indicators and Framework for Use in the Monitoring and Evaluation of Food Aid Programs. Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (FANTA), Washington, DC.
Rose D, Gundersen C, Oliveira V 1998. Socio-Economic Determinants of Food Insecurity in the United States. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, NY, United States.
Rukundo PM, Oshaug A, Andreassen BA, Kikafunda J, Rukooko B, Iversen PO 2016. Food Variety Consumption and Household Food Insecurity Coping Strategies After the 2010 Landslide Disaster - the Case of Uganda. Public Health Nutrition, 19(17): 3197-3209.
Samwel NK 2014. Socio-economic Factors Affecting Food Security in Households of Elderly Persons in Imenti Central Sub Country, Meru Country, Kenya. Master Thesis in University of Nairobi Department of Rural Sociology and Community Development, Kenya.
SFSA 2014. Seasonal Food Security Assessment (SFSA), European and Ministry of Agriculture project, Kabul, Afghanistan. www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/assessments / SFSA14%20report%20revised.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
SFSA 2016. Seasonal Food Security Assessment (SFSA), European and Ministry of Agriculture project, Kabul, Afghanistan. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en /operations / afghanistan/document/afghanistanseasonal-food-security-assessment-sfsa-2016-finalreport. (Erişim tarihi:24.07.2014).
SFSA 2017. Seasonal Food Security Assessment (SFSA), European and Ministry of Agriculture project, Kabul, Afghanistan. http://fscluster.org/sites/default/files /documents post _ harvest_sfsa_2017_report_by_fsac.pdf. (Erişim tarihi:24.07.2014).
UN 2017. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2017. Household Size and Composition around the World. Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/405).
UNCHR 2014. National Profile of Internal Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Afghanistan. https://www.unhcr.org/49ba33a02.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
UNDP 2013. Afghanistan HDI Values and Rank Changes in the 2013 Human Development Report. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/CountryProfiles/AFG.pdf. (Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2014).
UNDP 2015. Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations. https: //sustainabledevelopment. un.org/?menu=1300. (Erişim tarihi:24.07.2014).
Uzma I, Muhammad SB 2004. Determinants of Household Food Security: An Empirical Analysis for Pakistan. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(8): 753-766.
Vaitla B, Coates J, Maxwell D 2015. Comparing Household Food Consumption Indicators to Inform Acute Food Insecurity Phase Classification. FHI 360/Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance III Project (FANTA). Washington DC.
Weismann D, Basssett L, Benson T, Hoddinott J 2009. Validation of the World Food Programme’s Food Consumption Score and Alternative Indicators of Household Food Security. International Food Policy Research Institute, Discussion Paper No. 00870.
WFP 2015. Food Consumption Score Nutritional Analysis (FCS-N) Guidelines. United Nations World Food Programme, Food security analysis (VAM). Technical Guidance Note, Rome, Italy.
World Bank 1986. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. Washington DC.
Zalilah Mohd S, Khor GL 2008. Household Food Insecurity and Coping Strategies in a Poor Rural Community in Malaysia. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2(1): 26-34.