Ti3AlC2/Ti3C2 Katkılanmış Epoksi Kompozitlerinin Üretimi

Epoksi reçineler, iyi elektrik yalıtımı, yüksek yapışkanlık ve mekanik mukavemet gibi üstün özellikleri sayesinde endüstride geniş bir uygulama yelpazesinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Orta derecede viskoziteye ve 200 °C' nin altında kür sıcaklığına sahiptirler. Böylece elektronik, havacılık ve denizcilik endüstrilerinde koruyucu kaplamalar için ideal adaylardır. Epoksinin üstün özelliklerini yüksek mekanik mukavemet ile birleştirerek yapısal uygulamalarda kullanabilmek için killer ve grafit gibi çeşitli nanomalzemeler ile desteklenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, nano-boyutlu yapıların aşırı topaklanması nedeniyle mekanik özellikler ve ısıl dayanımında yeterli artış sağlanamamıştır. Topaklanma parçacıkların monomer tarafından ıslatılabilirliğini sınırlandırarak polimer matris ile destek parçacıkları ara yüzünde polimerleşme verimini düşürmüştür. Bu çalışmada, Ti3AlC2 (MAX 312) yapısında bulunan alüminyum (Al) tabakası dağlanarak grafen benzeri iletkenliğe sahip 2-boyutlu Ti3C2 tabakaları (MXene) elde edilmiştir. Her iki yapı, MAX ve MXene, eşit oranlarda epoksi monomerine katkılanarak polimerleştirilmiştir. mL- (çok tabakalı) MXene katkılanan numunelerin XRD analizlerinde (002) pikinin kaybolduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum, MXene tabakalarının delamine olduğunun göstergesidir. Ağ. %4 oranında MAX ve MXene katkılandığında epoksinin cam geçiş sıcaklığı (Tg) 173 °C'den sırasıyla 180 ve 183 °C’ye yükselmiştir. Ağ. %4 oranında MXene katkılandığında epoksi mikrosertliği 18,9 ± 1,8 HV’den 27,5 ± 5 HV’e, Ağ. %4 oranında MAX katkılandığında ise 20,6 ± 2,9 HV’e yükselmiştir. Bu çalışma topaklanmanın önlenerek, yüksek katkılı MXene/epoksi kompozitlerinin üretilebileceğini ve yapısal uygulamalarda kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Tabakalı karbür, epoksi, MAX, MXene, kompozit

PRODUCTION AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF Ti3AlC2/Ti3C2 INCORPORATED EPOXY COMPOSITES

Epoxy resins have been extensively used in a wide range of industrial applications owing to their superior properties like good electrical insulation, adhesiveness and high mechanical strength. They have moderate viscosity and curing temperatures lower than 200 °C, thus have been ideal candidates for protective coatings in electronic, aerospace and marine industries. In order to combine superior properties of epoxy with enhanced mechanical strength for bulk, structural applications, various nanomaterials including clays and graphite have been incorporated into epoxy resins. However, sufficient level of enhancement in mechanical strength and thermal resistance could not be provided due to excessive agglomeration of nanosized particles. Agglomeration limited the wettability of particles by the monomer, leading to decreased polymerization efficiency at the polymer-reinforcer interface. In this study, the aluminum layer in Ti3AlC2 (MAX (312); ternary carbides), was chemically etched leaving a layered structure possessing graphene-like electrical conductivity (Ti3C2) with good mechanical strength. Both, MAX and MXene were incorporated into epoxy monomer at identical ratios. The incorporation of Ti3C2 layers resulted in disappearance of (002) peak in XRD analysis. This indicated the delamination of MXene layers inside epoxy matrix. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of epoxy shifted from 175 to 180 °C and 183 °C by 4 wt. % incorporation of MAX and MXene respectively. The microhardness increased from 18.9 ± 1.8 to 27.5 ± 5 when 4 wt. % MXene, and to 20.6 ± 2.9 when 4 wt. % MAX incorporated. This study indicates that it is possible to produce highly reinforced MXene/epoxy composites and use them in structural applications while the agglomeration is prevented.

Keywords:

Layered carbide, epoxy, MAX, MXene, composite,

PDF

___

Anasori, Babak, Maria R Lukatskaya, and Yury Gogotsi. 2017. '2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage', Nature Reviews Materials, 2: 16098.
Atif, Rasheed, Islam Shyha, and Fawad Inam. 2016. 'Mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of graphene-epoxy nanocomposites—A review', Polymers, 8: 281.
Barsoum, M. W., 2013, MAX Phases: Properties of Machinable Ternary Carbides and Nitrides, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmBH & Co., Weinheim, Germany.
Choi, Ilbeom. 2013. 'Surface modification of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with randomly oriented aramid fiber felt for adhesion strength enhancement', Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 48: 1-8.
Ehrenstein, Gottfried W, Gabriela Riedel, and Pia Trawiel. 2012. Thermal analysis of plastics: theory and practice (Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH Co KG).
Ghidiu, Michael, Maria R Lukatskaya, Meng-Qiang Zhao, Yury Gogotsi, and Michel W Barsoum. 2014. 'Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’with high volumetric capacitance', Nature, 516: 78.
Jin, Fan-Long, Xiang Li, and Soo-Jin Park. 2015. 'Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: A review', Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 29: 1-11.
Kausar, Ayesha, Zanib Anwar, and Bakhtiar Muhammad. 2016. 'Recent developments in epoxy/graphite, epoxy/graphene, and epoxy/graphene nanoplatelet composites: a comparative review', Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 55: 1192-210.
Kaya, Elcin, Metin Tanoğlu, and Salih Okur. 2008. 'Layered clay/epoxy nanocomposites: Thermomechanical, flame retardancy, and optical properties', Journal of applied polymer science, 109: 834-40.
Kumar, Abhishek, and Samit Roy. 2018. 'Characterization of mixed mode fracture properties of nanographene reinforced epoxy and Mode I delamination of its carbon fiber composite', Composites Part B: Engineering, 134: 98-105.
Laouchedi, Dalila, Boudjema Bezzazi, and Chouaib Aribi. 2017. 'Elaboration and characterization of composite material based on epoxy resin and clay fillers', Journal of applied research and technology, 15: 190-204.
Li, Yan, Han Zhang, Harshit Porwal, Zhaohui Huang, Emiliano Bilotti, and Ton Peijs. 2017. 'Mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of in-situ exfoliated graphene/epoxy nanocomposites', Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 95: 229-36.
Liu, Shan, Venkata S Chevali, Zhiguang Xu, David Hui, and Hao Wang. 2018. 'A review of extending performance of epoxy resins using carbon nanomaterials', Composites Part B: Engineering, 136: 197-214.
Ma, Peng-Cheng, Shan-Yin Mo, Ben-Zhong Tang, and Jang-Kyo Kim. 2010. 'Dispersion, interfacial interaction and re-agglomeration of functionalized carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites', Carbon, 48: 1824-34.
May, Clayton. 1987. Epoxy resins: chemistry and technology (CRC press).
Naguib, Michael, Murat Kurtoglu, Volker Presser, Jun Lu, Junjie Niu, Min Heon, Lars Hultman, Yury Gogotsi, and Michel W. Barsoum. 2011. 'Two-Dimensional Nanocrystals Produced by Exfoliation of Ti3AlC2', Advanced Materials, 23: 4248-53.
Poonpipat, Yanika, Kritsanachai Leelachai, Raymond A Pearson, and Peerapan Dittanet. 2017. 'Fracture behavior of silica nanoparticles reinforced rubber/epoxy composite', Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 36: 1156-67.
Prolongo, SG, BG Meliton, G Del Rosario, and A Ureña. 2013. 'New alignment procedure of magnetite–CNT hybrid nanofillers on epoxy bulk resin with permanent magnets', Composites Part B: Engineering, 46: 166-72.
Radovic, Ljubisa R, Alejandro Suarez, Fernando Vallejos-Burgos, and Jorge O Sofo. 2011. 'Oxygen migration on the graphene surface. 2. Thermochemistry of basal-plane diffusion (hopping)', Carbon, 49: 4226-38.
Rao, C. N. R., A. K. Sood, K. S. Subrahmanyam, and A. Govindaraj. 2009. 'Graphene: The New Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48: 7752-77.
Souza, Virgínia S, Otávio Bianchi, Martha FS Lima, and Raquel Santos Mauler. 2014. 'Morphological, thermomechanical and thermal behavior of epoxy/MMT nanocomposites', Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 400: 58-66.
Sowichai, Kanokwan, Sitthisuntorn Supothina, On-uma Nimittrakoolchai, Takafumi Seto, Yoshio Otani, and Tawatchai Charinpanitkul. 2012. 'Facile method to prepare magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes by in situ co-precipitation route', Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 18: 1568-71.
Srivastava, Shakun, and Anjaney Pandey. 2019. 'Mechanical behavior and thermal stability of ultrasonically synthesized halloysite-epoxy composite', Composites Communications, 11: 39-44.
Wang, Fuzhong, Lawrence T Drzal, Yan Qin, and Zhixiong Huang. 2016. 'Enhancement of fracture toughness, mechanical and thermal properties of rubber/epoxy composites by incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets', Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 87: 10-22.
Wang, Xiao, Jie Jin, and Mo Song. 2013. 'An investigation of the mechanism of graphene toughening epoxy', Carbon, 65: 324-33.
Xu, Peng, James Loomis, Ben King, and Balaji Panchapakesan. 2012. 'Synergy among binary (MWNT, SLG) nano-carbons in polymer nano-composites: a Raman study', Nanotechnology, 23: 315706.
Yousri, Omar M, Mohamed Hazem Abdellatif, and Ghada Bassioni. 2018. 'Effect of Al $$ _ {2}\mathrm {O} _ {3} $$ Nanoparticles on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Epoxy Composite', Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43: 1511-17.
Zabihi, Omid, Mojtaba Ahmadi, Saeid Nikafshar, Karthik Chandrakumar Preyeswary, and Minoo Naebe. 2018. 'A technical review on epoxy-clay nanocomposites: Structure, properties, and their applications in fiber reinforced composites', Composites Part B: Engineering, 135: 1-24.
Zaman, Izzuddin, Fethma M Nor, Bukhari Manshoor, Amir Khalid, and Sherif Araby. 2015. 'Influence of interface on Epoxy/clay nanocomposites: 1. Morphology structure', Procedia Manufacturing, 2: 17-22.