Laboratuvar Hayvan Biliminde 4R Kuralı
İnsan organizmasının kompleksliğini tamamen taklit edebilen in vitro modeller hala günümüzde mevcut değildir. Bu modelleme için sıklıkla canlı organ kompleksi olarak laboratuvar hayvanları model olarak kullanılmaktadır. Laboratuvar hayvanları, temel tıp bilimlerinde, ilaçların ve kimyasalların güvenilirlik testlerinde ve eğitim amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Laboratuvar hayvan biliminde göz önüne alınan temel ilkeler, yerine koyma, azaltma ve iyileştirme olarak tanımlanmıştır. Günümüzde bu ilkelere “sorumluluk” da ilave edilmiştir. Böylelikle 4R kavramı oluşmuştur. Bu yazımızda da bu dört kavram hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
4R Rule in Laboratory Animal Science
In vitro models that can completely mimic the complexity of the human organism are still not available today. For this model, laboratory animals are often used as a living organ complex. Laboratory animals are used in basic medical sciences, to test the safety of medicines and chemicals, and for training purposes. The basic principles considered in laboratory animal science are defined as replacement, reduction, and refinement. Nowadays, “responsibility” is added as the fourth principle. Thus, 4R concept was formed. In this article, it is aimed to give detailed information about these four concepts..
___
- Aguilar-Nascimento, J.E. (2005). Fundamental Steps in Experimental
Design for Animal Studies. Acta Cirữrgica Brasileira, 20(1), 2-8.
- Altuğ, T. (2009). Hayvan deneyleri etiği. Sağlık Bilimlerinde Süreli
Yayıncılık. 53- 68.
- Balkan, A., & Balkan, M. (2013). Hayvan Çalışmalarında Etik, Laboratuvar
Standardizasyonu ve Hayvan Bakımı ile İlgili Yasal Zorunluluklar.
Turk Toraks Dergisi, 14(suplament 2), 6-9.
- Balls, M. (1994). Replacement of Animal Procedures: Alternatives in
Research, Education and Testing. Laboratory Animals, 28, 193-211.
- Barroso, J., Ahn, I.Y., Caldeira, C., Carmichael, P.L., Casey, W., Coecke, S.,
Curren, .R, Desprez, B., Eskes, C., Griesinger, C., Guo, J., Hill, E., Roi,
A.J., Kojima, H., Li, J., et al., (2016). International Harmonization and
Cooperation in the Validation of Alternative Methods. In: Eskes C.,
Whelan M. (Eds) Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity
Testing. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 856.
Springer, Cham, 343-386. 856 pp.
- Boo, de J., & Hendriksen, C. (2005). Reduction Strategies in Animal
Research: A Review of Scientific Approaches at the Intra–
Experimental, Supra–Experimental and Extra–Experimental Levels.
Atla, 33, 369-377.
- Ergün, Y. (2010). Hayvan deneylerinde etik. Arşiv. 19: 220-235.
- Fenwick, N., Griffin, G., & Gauthier, C. (2009). The Welfare of Animals
Used in Science: How the “Three Rs” Ethic Guides İmprovements. 50,
523-530.
- Festing, M.F.W., & Altman, D.G. (2002). Guidelines for the design and
statistical analysis of experiments using laboratory animals. ILAR
Journal, 43(4), 244-258.
- Forni, M. (2007). Laboratory Animal Science: A Resource to İmprove the
Quality of Science. Veterinary Research. Communications, 31(Suppl 1),
43–47.
- Franco, N.H., & Olsson, I.A.S. (2014). Scientists and the 3Rs: Attitudes to
Animal Use in Biomedical Research and the Effect of Mandatory
Training in Laboratory Animal Science. Laboratory Animals, 48(1), 50–
60.
- Gibot, L. (2017). 3D Tissue models to bridge the gap between cell culture
and tissue in assessing electroporation. In: D. Miklavčič (Eds.)
Handbook of Electroporation. (pp. 255-269.) Springer, Cham. 2998 pp.
- Graham, M.L., & Prescott, M.J. (2015). The multifactorial role of the 3Rs in
shifting the harm-benefit analysis in animal models of disease.
European Journal of Pharmacology, 759, 19–29.
- Gruber, F.P., & Hartung, T. (2004). Alternatives to animal experimentation
in basic research. Altex, 21(Suppl 1), 3-31.
- Johnson, P.D., & Besselsen, D.G. (2002). Practical aspects of experimental
design in animal research. ILAR Journal, 43(4), 202-206.
- Mandal, J., & Parija, S.C. (2013). Ethics of involving animals in research.
Tropical Parasitology, 3(1), 4-6.
- Okur, H. (2016). Deneysel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Çocuk Cerrahisi Dergisi,
30(Ek sayı 1), 7-11.
- Otto, G.P., Cocorocchio, M., Munoz, .L, Tyson, R.A., Bretschneider, T., &
Williams, R.S.B. (2016). Employing Dictyostelium as an Advantageous
3Rs Model for Pharmacogenetic Research. In: Jin T., & Hereld D. (Eds)
Chemotaxis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1407. (pp. 123-130)
Humana Press, New York, USA, 425 pp.
- Özkul, T. (2012). Deney Hayvanlarının Kullanımında Genel Mevzuat,
Düzenleme ve Kurallar. Küçük Deney Hayvanlarından Rat (Ed. Orhan
Yücel) Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine Kitap Serisi. Ankara.
Türkiye.
- Pereira, S., & Tettamanti, M. (2005). Ahimsa And Alternatives - The
Concept Of The 4th R. The CPCSEA in India. Altex, 22(1), 3-6.
- Rusche, B. (2003). The 3Rs and Animal Welfare Conflict Or The Way
Forward? Altex, 20(Suppl 1), 63-76.
- Smaje, L.H., Smith, J.A., Combes, R.D., Ewbank, R., Gregory, J.A.,
Jennings, M., Moore, G.J., Morton, D.B. (1998). Working Group Report:
Advancing Refinement of Laboratory Animal Use. Laboratory Animals
Ltd., 32, 137-142.
- Stephens, M.L., Conlee, K., Alvino, G., & Rowan, A.N. (2002). Possibilities
for Refinement and Reduction: Future Improvements within
Regulatory Testing. ILAR Journal, 43, 74-79.
- Tan, D., & Çobanoğlu, N. (2013). Hukuki ve Etik Boyutuyla Türkiye’de
Hayvan Deneyleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Tıp Etiği Dergisi, 21(1), 24-37.
- The 3Rs. (2018). National Centre for the Replacement Refinement &
Reduction of Animals in Research. Retrieved from
https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/the-3rs
- CCAC Guidelines Committee, (2010). The Canadian Council on Animal
Care (CCAC) guidelines on: euthanasia of animals used in science.
Retrieved from
https://www.ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Guidelines/Euthanasia
.pdf