The Burnout and Loneliness Levels of Housewives in Home-Quarantine during Covid-19 Pandemic

The Burnout and Loneliness Levels of Housewives in Home-Quarantine during Covid-19 Pandemic

The objective of this study was to determine burnout and loneliness levels of housewives during home-quarantine process caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. 111 housewives were included in the study using the online survey method. Personal Information Form, Housewives Burnout Scale (CUBAC) and UCLA Loneliness Scale (U-LS) were used to collect data. The average age of housewives was 38.75 ± 9.98, the mean score ECUBAC was 60.14 ± 17.97 and the mean score U-LS was 44.84 ± 8.78. The results show that relations with husband and children, education levels, time of marriage, the number of children and responsibility level of house-works affect the level burn-out and loneliness levels of housewives (p <0.05). During the quarantine process caused by the epidemic, the intensity of housework has increased, as all family members were at home and the care and nutritional needs of the individuals changed due to the epidemic. However, despite this increase, the fact that only housewives were responsible for housework, just like before the quarantine, caused them to feel high levels of burnout and loneliness.

___

  • Akpınar, N. B., & Ceran, M. (2020). Current Approaches About Disasters and Role and Responsibilities of Disaster Nurse. Journal of Paramedic and Emergency Health Services (JOPEHS), 1(1), 28-40.
  • Altay, B., Gönener, D., & Demirkiran, C. (2010). The Level of Burnout and influence of Family Support in Nurses working in a University Hospital. Fırat Medical Journal, 15(1),10-16.
  • Aylaz, R., & Yıldız, E. (2020). The Impact of New Coronavirus Disease on Society and Nursing Approaches. Malatya: Malatya Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
  • Bektaş, M., & Özben, Ş. (2016). An Investigation of the Psychological Resilience Levels of Married Individuals’ in terms of Some Sociodemographic Variables. CBÜ Social Sciences Journal, 14(1), 216-240
  • Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2020). Investigation of the Effects of Corona Virus Pandemic and Social Isolation on Psychological Symptoms in Terms of Psychological Resilience and Coping Styles. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23.
  • Bozkurt, Y., Zeybek, Z., & Aşkın, R. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic: Psychological Effects and Therapeutic Interventions. Istanbul Commerce University Institute of Social Sciences Journal, 19(37), 304-318.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet. 395(10227), 912-920
  • Cemaloğlu, N., & Şahin, D. E. (2007). A Study of the Teacher’s Burnout Level According to Various Variables. Kastamonu Education Journal, 15(2), 463-484.
  • Chen, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Luo, F., Yu, X., Zhang, W., ... & Liao, J. (2020). Clinical Characteristics and Intrauterine Vertical Transmission Potential of COVID-19 Infection in Nine Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Review of Medical Records. The Lancet, 395(10226), 809-815.
  • Çapri, B., & Gökçakan, Z. (2012). Gender Differences in Predicting of Couple Burnout. Trakya Journal of Education, 2(2), 35-53.
  • Danış, M. Z., Yıldız, R., Tekin, H. E., & Alkan, P. (2017). Loneliness Levels of Social Work Students and the Factors Affecting This: Sakarya Sample. Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(14), 9-22.
  • Demirli, C., & Aydiner, M. N. (2018). Relationships Between Burnout and Family Relationships in Female Teachers in Primary School. Istanbul Commerce University Institute of Social Sciences Journal, 17(33), 369-387.
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA Yalnızlık Ölçeği'nin Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Psikoloji dergisi, 7(23): 14-18.
  • Durak, E. Ş., & Durak, M. (2020). Psychometric Evaluation of the Turkish Version of the Housewives Burnout Questionnaire (CUBAC). AYNA Clinical Psychology Journal, 7(2), 128-145.
  • Ergönen, A. T., Biçen, E., & Ersoy, G., (2020). The Hidden Side of COVID-19 Pandemic: Domestic Violence. The Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 25, 48-57. https://doi.org/10.17986/blm.2020.v25i.1408
  • Erol, S., Sezer, A., Şişman, F. N., & Öztürk, S. (2016). The Perception of Loneliness and Life Satisfaction at Older People. Gümüşhane University Health Sciences Journal, 5(3), 60-69.
  • Gardazi, S. F., Mobeen, N., & Ali Gardazi, S. A. (2016). Causes of Stress and Burnout among Working Mothers in Pakistan. Qualitative Report, 21(5).
  • Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... & Ford, T., (2020). Multidisciplinary Research Priorities for the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Call for Action for Mental Health Science. The Lancet, 7, 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
  • Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). The Potential Public Health Relevance of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4), 127-130. https://doi.org/doi:10.1093/ppar/prx030
  • Hussein, J. (2020). COVID-19: What Implications for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Globally? Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 28(1), 1-3.
  • Kara, E. (2020). The Function of the Social Service Workforce during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Disadvantaged Groups. Turkish Journal of Social Work Research, 4(1),28-34.
  • Kavlak, O., & Saruhan, A. (2002). A Study on Determination the Loneliness Level in Infertile Women and to Assess the Factors That affect the Loneliness Level. Ege Journal of Medicine, 41(4), 229-232.
  • Kaya, B. (2020). Effects of Pandemic on Mental Health. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23, 123-124
  • Khorshid, L., Eşer, İ., Zaybak, A., Yapucu, Ü., Arslan, G. G., & Çınar, Ş. (2004). The Evaluation of Loneliness Level of Elderly Individuals Residing in Rest Homes. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 7(1), 45-50.
  • Kukuoğlu, A. (2018). Psychological Traumas After Natural Disasters and A Sample Psychological Support Education Program. Journal of Disaster and Risk, 1(1), 39-52
  • Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 Outbreak in China Hardest-Hit Areas: Gender Differences Matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112921.
  • Murthy, S., Gomersall, C. D., & Fowler, R. A. (2020). Care for Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19. Journal of the American Medical Association. 323(15), 1499-1500. https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3633
  • Öngider, N. (2013). Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Divorced Women for Depression, Anxiety and Loneliness Symptoms: A Pilot Study. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2, 147-155.
  • Parodi, S. M., & Liu, V. X. (2020). From Containment to Mitigation of COVID-19 in the US. Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(15), 1441-1442. https://doi.org/doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3882
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress Among Chinese People in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and Policy Recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33, https://doi.org/doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of the Existing Literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
  • Ramírez, M. T. G., Hernández, R. L., & de la Rubia, J. M. (2009). Cuestionario de Burnout para amas de casa (CUBAC): Evaluación de sus propiedades psicométricas y del Modelo Secuencial de Burnout. Universitas Psychologica, 8(2), 533-543.
  • Reger, M. A., Stanley, I. H., & Joiner, T. E., (2020). Suicide Mortality and Coronavirus Disease 2019-A Perfect Storm?. Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a Measure of Loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290-294
  • Sim, K., Chan, Y. H., Chong, P. N., Chua, H. C., & Soon, S. W. (2010). Psychosocial and Coping Responses within the Community Health Care Setting Towards a National Outbreak of an Infectious Disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(2), 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004
  • Şahin, S., & Şad, B. (2018). The Impact of Hotel Employees’ Burnout Level on Life Satisfaction. Journal of Travel and Hospitality Management, 15(2), 461-480.
  • Tang, K., Junjian G., & Babatunde, A. (2020). Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH): A Key Issue in the Emergency Response to the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. Reproductive Health, 17, 1-3.
  • Tayaz, E., & Koç, A. (2018). Assessment of Relationship Between Perceived Care Burden and Quality of Life in Disabled Persons Caregivers. Medical Journal of Bakirkoy, 14(1), 44-52.
  • Thunström, L., Newbold, S. C., Finnoff, S.C., Ashworth, M., & Shogren J. F. (2020). The Benefits and Costs of Flattening the Curve for COVID-19. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–17.
  • Tian, F., Li, H., Tian, S., Yang, J., Shao, J., & Tian, C., (2020). Psychological Symptoms of Ordinary Chinese Citizens Based on SCL-90 During the Level I Emergency Response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992
  • United Nations. (2020). Policy Brief: The Impact of COVID-19 on Women. Retrived From: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/policy_brief_on_covid_impact_on_women_9_april_2020.pdf
  • Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D., (2020). Family Violence and COVID‐19: Increased Vulnerability and Reduced Options for Support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29, 549–552 https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: The Gendered Impacts of The Outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10227), 846-848.
  • World Economic Forum, WEF. (2020). The Coronavirus Crisis May Hit Women Harder than Men. Retrieved From: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/the-coronavirus-fallout-may-be-worse-for-women-than-men-heres-why/
  • World Health Organizations, (WHO). (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Sexual and Reproductive Health. Retrived From: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/emergencies/COVID-19-SRH/en/
  • Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., & Yang, N. (2020). Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self-Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research.
  • Yılmaz, H., Ülker, M., & Yılmaz, A. S. (2018). Examinig Women’s Parenthood Roles Related to Their Self Perception in Terms of Difference Variables. Manas Journal of Social Studies, 7(2), 415-431.