Koronavirüs Salgınında Alkol-Sigara Kullanımındaki Değişiklikler ve İlişkili Durumların Araştırılması

2019 yılı aralık ayında yeni bir coronavirüs ortaya çıkmış ve tüm dünyada birçok ülkeye yayılmıştır. SARSCoV-2 virüsünün neden olduğu bu hastalık COVID-19 olarak bilinmektedir. Geçmişteki çalışmalar salgın ve felaketler sonrasında alkol ve tütün tüketiminin arttığını göstermekle birlikte, COVID-19 salgını sonrası alkol ve sigara kullanımı üzerinde yapılmış kanıta dayalı değerlendirmeler nispeten azdır ve bu konuda Türkiye’de yapılmış bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada COVID-19 salgını sonrasında toplumdaki alkol ve sigara kullanımındaki değişimi ve bununla ilişkili faktörleri araştırmayı amaçlanmıştır. Tanımlayıcı Bilgi Formu kullanılarak, 1-15 Haziran 2020 tarihleri arasında online olarak veriler toplanmıştır. Çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden tüm katılımcılardan bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz SPSS sürüm 24.0 paket programı kullanılarak yapıldı. Verilerin normallik varsayımı normallik testleri (Kolmogorov-Smirnov ve Shapiro-Wilk) ile değerlendirildi ve %95 güvenle normal dağılım gösterdiği görüldü. Araştırmaya toplam 4156 kişi katıldı. Katılımcıların 2684’ü (%64,6) kadın, 1472’si (%35,4) ise erkekti. Katılımcıların yaşları 18-89 (Ort:37±11,3) arasındaydı. Katılımcıların 3696’sında (%88,9) ruhsal hastalık öyküsü bulunmamaktayken, 74 kişi (%1,8) COVİD-19 salgını sonrası ruhsal hastalık yaşadığını belirtti. Katılımcıların 2855’i (%69,4) sigara kullanmadığını, 608’i (%14,6) sigara kullanımında değişiklik olmadığını, 191’i (%4,6) sigara kullanımının arttığını, 472’si (%11,3) ise sigara kullanmayı azalttığını veya bıraktığını belirtti. Araştırmaya katılanların 2643’ü (%63,6) alkol kullanmıyordu, 844’ünün (%20,3) alkol kullanımında değişiklik olmadığı, 204’ünün (%4,9) alkol kullanımının arttığı ve 465’inin (%11,2) alkolü azaltmış veya bırakmış olduğu belirlendi. Çalışmamızda Türkiye’de Covid-19 salgını sonrası bazı alkol ve sigara kullanıcılarının bu maddeleri tüketim miktarı artarken daha büyük bir orandaki popülasyonda ise alkol ve sigara kullanımının azaldığı görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Covid-19, Alkol, Sigara, Kullanım Değişimleri

PDF

___

Advice for the public on COVID-19 World Health Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated Psychological Problems. In Asian Journal of Psychiatry (Vol. 51, p. 102092). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
Arcavi, L., & Benowitz, N. L. (2004). Cigarette smoking and infection. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(20), 2206–2216.
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38.
Batel, P., Pessione, F., Maître, C., & Rueff, B. (1995). Relationship between alcohol and tobacco dependencies among alcoholics who smoke. Addiction , 90(7), 977–980.
Bauer, C. M. T., Morissette, M. C., & Stämpfli, M. R. (2013). The influence of cigarette smoking on viral infections: translating bench science to impact COPD pathogenesis and acute exacerbations of COPD clinically. Chest, 143(1), 196–206.
Booth, B. M., Russell, D. W., Soucek, S., & Laughlin, P. R. (1992). Social support and outcome of alcoholism treatment: an exploratory analysis. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 18(1), 87–101.
Cai, G., Bossé, Y., Xiao, F., Kheradmand, F., & Amos, C. I. (2020). Tobacco Smoking Increases the Lung Gene Expression of ACE2, the Receptor of SARS-CoV-2. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 201(12), 1557–1559.
Chodkiewicz, J., Talarowska, M., Miniszewska, J., Nawrocka, N., & Bilinski, P. (2020). Alcohol Consumption Reported during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Initial Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134677
COVID-19 - Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2020, from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/
Deng, S.-Q., & Peng, H.-J. (2020). Characteristics of and Public Health Responses to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020575
Ellis, B., Bernichon, T., Yu, P., Roberts, T., & Herrell, J. M. (2004). Effect of social support on substance abuse relapse in a residential treatment setting for women. Evaluation and Program Planning, 27(2), 213–221.
Elovainio, M., Hakulinen, C., Pulkki-Råback, L., Virtanen, M., Josefsson, K., Jokela, M., Vahtera, J., & Kivimäki, M. (2017). Contribution of risk factors to excess mortality in isolated and lonely individuals: an analysis of data from the UK Biobank cohort study. The Lancet. Public Health, 2(6), e260–e266.
Fact sheet - Alcohol and COVID-19: what you need to know (2020). (2020). https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/alcohol-use/data-and-statistics/fact-sheet-alcohol-and-covid-19-what-you-need-to-know-2020
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Patricia Chou, S., Stinson, F. S., & Dawson, D. A. (2004). Nicotine Dependence and Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and RelatedConditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(11), 1107–1115.
Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004). SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(7), 1206.
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. In The Lancet (Vol. 395, Issue 10223, pp. 497–506). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
Hurt, R. D., Offord, K. P., Croghan, I. T., Gomez-Dahl, L., Kottke, T. E., Morse, R. M., & Melton, L. J., 3rd. (1996). Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment. Role of tobacco use in a community-based cohort. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(14), 1097–1103.
Killerby, M. E., Link-Gelles, R., Haight, S. C., Schrodt, C. A., England, L., Gomes, D. J., Shamout, M., Pettrone, K., O’Laughlin, K., Kimball, A., Blau, E. F., Burnett, E.,
Ladva, C. N., Szablewski, C. M., Tobin-D’Angelo, M., Oosmanally, N., Drenzek, C., Murphy, D. J., Blum, J. M., … CDC COVID-19 Response Clinical Team. (2020). Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19 — Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, March–April 2020. In MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (Vol. 69, Issue 25, pp. 790–794). https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6925e1
Lau, J. T. F., Yang, X., Pang, E., Tsui, H. Y., Wong, E., & Wing, Y. K. (2005). SARS-related perceptions in Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(3), 417–424.
Lawless, M. H., Harrison, K. A., Grandits, G. A., Eberly, L. E., & Allen, S. S. (2015). Perceived stress and smoking-related behaviors and symptomatology in male and female smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 51, 80–83.
Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G. W. S., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P. C., Chu, C.-M., Wong, P.-C., Tsang, K. W. T., & Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 52(4), 233–240.
Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K. S. M., Lau, E. H. Y., Wong, J. Y., Xing, X., Xiang, N., Wu, Y., Li, C., Chen, Q., Li, D., Liu, T., Zhao, J., Liu, M., … Feng, Z. (2020). Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1199–1207.
Lippi, G., & Henry, B. M. (2020). Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Review of Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)]. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 75, 107–108.
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Goldman-Mellor, S., Kepa, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., & Arseneault, L. (2019). Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 49(2), 268–277.
Maunder, R., Hunter, J., Vincent, L., Bennett, J., Peladeau, N., Leszcz, M., Sadavoy, J., Verhaeghe, L. M., Steinberg, R., & Mazzulli, T. (2003). The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de l’Association Medicale Canadienne, 168(10), 1245–1251.
Monte, R., Rabuñal, R., Casariego, E., Bal, M., & Pértega, S. (2009). Risk factors for delirium tremens in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome in a hospital setting. In European Journal of Internal Medicine (Vol. 20, Issue 7, pp. 690–694).
Patanavanich, R., & Glantz, S. A. (2020). Smoking is Associated with COVID-19 Progression: A Meta-Analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa082
Pelucchi, C., Gallus, S., Garavello, W., Bosetti, C., & La Vecchia, C. (2006). Cancer risk associated with alcohol and tobacco use: focus on upper aero-digestive tract and liver. Alcohol Research & Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 29(3), 193–198.
Robinson, J., Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., & Bolton, J. (2009). Self-medication of anxiety disorders with alcohol and drugs: Results from a nationally representative sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 38–45.
Rohsenow, D. J., Monti, P. M., Colby, S. M., Gulliver, S. B., Sirota, A. D., Niaura, R. S., & Abrams, D. B. (1997). Effects of alcohol cues on smoking urges and topography among alcoholic men. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 21(1), 101–107.
Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 281.
Sun, K., Chen, J., & Viboud, C. (2020). Early epidemiological analysis of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak based on crowdsourced data: a population-level observational study. The Lancet. Digital Health, 2(4), e201–e208.
Turner, S., Mota, N., Bolton, J., & Sareen, J. (2018). Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: A narrative review of the epidemiological literature. In Depression and Anxiety (Vol. 35, Issue 9, pp. 851–860). https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22771
Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Boscarino, J. A., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Kilpatrick, D. (2002). Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11th terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(11), 988–996.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 17, Issue 5, p. 1729). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved July 25, 2020, from https://covid19.who.int/
Witkiewitz, K., Litten, R. Z., & Leggio, L. (2019). Advances in the science and treatment of alcohol use disorder. Science Advances, 5(9), eaax4043.
Zemore, S. E., Lui, C., Mericle, A., Hemberg, J., & Kaskutas, L. A. (2018). A longitudinal study of the comparative efficacy of Women for Sobriety, LifeRing, SMART Recovery, and 12-step groups for those with AUD. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 88, 18-26.