Paul Brass ve Seçkinci Etnik Milliyetçilik Anlayışına Eleştiriler

Paul Brass milliyetçiliği modernizmin bir ürünü olarak görmekle birlikte onu kaçınılmaz ve mecburi görmemektedir. Başka bir ifadeyle her topluluğun millet olduğu veya ilerde millet olacağı sonucunu savunmaz. Bundan olarak, öyleyse, ortaya çıkan bir soruyu çalışmalarında cevaplamaya çalıştığı görülür: milletler neden ve nasıl ortaya çıkmıştır? Bu sorunun cevaplanabilmesi için gözlemlerini Avrupa, Afrika ve Amerika gibi farklı kıtadaki ülkelerin tarihi tecrübelerine çevirirken özellikle Güney Asya üzerinde detaylı bilgiler aktarır. Gözlemlerini, millet olma sürecinin bir insan topluluğunun kültürel farklılıklarla kendi etnik özbilincine varmasının ardından siyasal talepler çerçevesinde şekillenmesine bağlayarak tamamlar. Brass’a göre bu sürecin tamamı toplumda hâkim olan seçkinler (elitler) tarafından yönetilmektedir. Seçkinler, toplumları ve insan gruplarını kendi çıkarları etrafında şekillendirirken aynı zamanda bu grupları da önce etnik topluluklara, sonra milletlere dönüştürürler. Ancak Brass bir kez millete dönüşen toplumların artık tekrar etnik topluluğa dönüşmeyeceğini de söylemez, tarih boyunca farklı milletler farklı zamanlarda ileri ve geri hareket eder gibi etnik grup-millet olma süreçlerinden geçmiştir. Çalışma boyunca bu etnik grup olma - millet olma ayrımından hareket edilecek ve bu ayrımın alt başlıkları değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

: Millet, Paul Brass, Siyasallaşma, Etnik, Etnik Kimlik

Paul Brass and Criticism on the Conception of Ethnic Nationalism

Paul Brass defines nationalism as a product of modernism and does not see it as inevitable and compulsory. In other words, it does not advocate that all the communities are nations or they’ll be achieve it in the future. As so, Brass tries to answer a question which roots from there: why and how did the nations come out? In order to answer this question, he focuses his observations into historical experiences of countries in different continents such as Europe, Africa and America, while he gives detailed information especially on Asia. Brass claims that the nationalization process is managed by elites. The elites transform their societies and groups of people around their own interests while at the same time transforming these groups into ethnic communities and then nations. However, it does not say that the societies that once turned into a nation will no longer turn into a community. In this study, the sub-headings of this distinction (being a nation and an ethnic group) will be evaluated and crticized.

Keywords:

Nation, Paul Brass, Politicalization, Ethnicity, Ethnic Identitiy,

PDF

___

Barth, Fredrik (1969) Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, Little & Brown Co. Boston.
Brass, Paul (2010) Introduction, (ed.) Paul Brass, içinde Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. Routledge Publication, Taylor and Francis Group, NY, pp. 1-24.
Brass, Paul (1991) Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison, SAGE Publication, India.
Brown, Lisa ve Johnson, Susan D. (1999) Ethnic Consciousness and Its Relationship to Conservatism and Blame Among African Americans, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1999, 29, 12, pp. 2465-2480.
Brubaker, Rogers (2004) Ethnicity without Groups, Harvard University Press, USA.
Brubaker, Rogers (2013) Language, Religion and the Politics of Difference, Journal of the Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, Nations and Nationalism 19 (1) p. 1-20.
Brunet-Jailly, Emmanuel (2017) Languages, Nation and States, Border and Borderlands: A Critical Assessment, (ed.)Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi and
Catherine Gibson, Central Europe Through the Lens of Language and Politics: On the Sample Maps from the Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe, Slavic-Eurisian Research Center, p. 9-27.
Burki, Shahid Javed (2010) Pakistan’s politics and its economy, (ed.) Paul Brass, içinde Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. Routledge Publication, Taylor and Francis Group, NY, pp. 83-98.
Diamond, Larry Jay (1994) Toward Democratic Consolidation, Journal of Democracy, Volume 5, Number 3, July 1994, pp. 4-17.
Dorian, Nancy, C. (1999) Linguistic and Ethnographic Fieldwork, , içinde (ed) Joshua A. Fishman, Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, Oxford University Press, NY, p. 25-41.
Gellner, Ernest. (1992) Uluslar ve Ulusçuluk, İnsan Yayınları, İstanbul.
Govers, Cora ve Vermeulen, Hans (1997) From Political Mobilization to the Politics of Consciousness (ed.) Cora Govers ve Hans Vermeulen, içinde The Politics of
Ethnic Consciousness, Palgrave Macmillan Press, pp. 1-31.
Govers, Cora ve Vermeulen, Hans (1997) The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness, Palgrave Macmillian Press, NY.
Gusfield, J. R. (1967). Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change. American Journal of Sociology, 72(4), pp. 351–362.
Hasenclever, A., ve Rittberger, V. (2000). Does Religion Make a Difference? Theoretical Approaches to the Impact of Faith on Political Conflict. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29(3), pp. 641–674.
Kamusella, Tomasz (2017) Language in Central Europe’s History and Politics: From the Rule of cuius regio, eius religio to the National Principle of cuius regio, eius lingua? (ed.)Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi and Catherine Gibson, Central Europe Through the Lens of Language and Politics: On the Sample Maps from the Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe, Slavic-Eurisian Research Center, p. 35-55.
Kappus, Elke-Nicole (1997) Changing History: Ethnic Identity Management in Trieste, (ed.) Cora Govers ve Hans Vermeulen, içinde The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness, Palgrave Macmillan Press, pp. 90-121.
Kertzel, David I. ve Arel, Dominique (2002) Census, Identity Formation, and the Struggle for Political Power, (ed.) David I. Kertzel and Arel Dominique, Census and Identitiy: The Politics of Race, Ethnicity and Language in National Censuses, Cambridge University Press, NY, p. 1-27.
Kurien, Prema (2001) Religion, ethnicity and politics: Hindu and Muslim Indian immigrants in the United States, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24:2, Routledge, p. 263-293.
Lachmann, Richard (2000) Capitalists in Spite of Themselves: Elite Conflict and Economic Transitions in Early Modern Europe, Oxford University Press, NY.
Lentz, Carola (1997) Creating Ethnic Identities in North-Western Ghana, (ed.) Cora Govers ve Hans Vermeulen, içinde The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness, Palgrave Macmillan Press, pp. 31-90.
Lovin, Robin (2002) Religion and Politics, , (ed.) Mary Hawkesworth ve Maurice Kogan içinde, Encylopedia of Government and Politics, Volume I, Routledge, pp. 521-534.
Milgram, Stanley (1965) Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority, SAGE Publications, Human Relations, 18:1, p. 57-76.
Nagel, Joane (1994) Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture: Social Problems, Vol. 41, No. 1, Special Issue on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America (Feb), pp. 152-176.
Neskryabina, Olga F. (2012) Ethnic Consciousness: Personal Sense and Signs of Ethnoidentity, Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 7 (5) p. 951-957.
Özkırımlı, Umut (2017). Milliyetçilik Kuramları: Eleştirel Bir Bakış, Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ankara.
Peter Weinreich, Viera Bacova and Nathalie Rougier (2003) Basic Primordialism in Ethnic and National Identity, Peter Weinreich and Wendy Saunderson (ed.), Analysing Identity: Cross-cultural, Societal and Clinical Contexts, Routledge, NY.
Safran, William (1999) Nationalism, içinde (ed) Joshua A. Fishman, Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, Oxford University Press, NY, p. 77-93.
Smith, Anthony D. (1986) Ulusların Etnik Kökeni, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Aralık 2002.
Talbot, Ian (2010) India and Pakistan, (ed.) Paul Brass, içinde Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. Routledge Publication, Taylor and Francis Group, NY, pp. 27-40.
Tyler, Tom R. ve Lind, E. Allan (2002) Understanding the Nature of Fraternalistic Deprivation: Does Group-based Deprivation Involve Fair Outcomes or Fair Treatment?, içinde (ed.) Walker, Iain ve Smith, Heather J., Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development, and Integration, Cambridge University Press, UK, p. 44-68.
Walker, Iain ve Smith, Heather J. (2002) Relative Deprivation: Specification, Development, and Integration, Cambridge University Press, UK.
Warminska, Katarzyna (1997) Polish Tartars: Ethnic Ideology and State Policy, (ed.) Cora Govers ve Hans Vermeulen, içinde The Politics of Ethnic Consciousness, Palgrave Macmillan Press, pp. 343-367.
Weatherford, Jack (1994) Vahşiler, Barbarlar ve Uygarlık, (Savages and Civilization: Who will Survive’dan çev. Şen Süer) Versus Kitap Yayıncılık, İstanbul.