GÖBEKLİ TEPE KÜLTÜRÜNÜN YÜKSELİŞİ: AVLAK EKONOMİSİ VE SPEKÜLATİF “BİLGİ”NİN ROLÜ

Erken Holosen dönemin başlarında Yukarı Mezopotamya bölgesinde avcı toplayıcı gruplar arkalarında daha önce benzerine rastlanmayan kalıcı yerleşim birimleri içinde karmaşık yapılar, anıtsal taş sütunlar, çeşitli heykeller ve onlara eşlik eden zengin bir sembolizmle öne çıkan Neolitik kültür alanları bıraktılar. Daha çok Göbekli Tepe Neolitik Dönem sitesiyle tanınan Göbekli Tepe kültür bölgesinde “Taş Tepeler” projesi kapsamında yeni Neolitik tepeler kazılmaya başlandı. İnsanlık tarihine dair bazı temel kabulleri ters yüz eden bu erken Neolitik medeniyetin kimler tarafından, nasıl ve niçin yapıldığı en önemli tartışma alanları olarak yerini korumaktadır. Bu kültür bölgesine ait Neolitik sitelerde ilerleyen kazılar ve yapılan yüzey araştırmaları bu medeniyetin yükselişine imkân tanıyan sosyal ve ekonomik temeller hakkında ayrıntılı veriler sunmaktadır. Özellikle bu bölgede keşfedilen yaygın ve devasa Avlaklar/Tuzak Alanları bu medeniyetin üzerinde yükseldiği en önemli ekonomik temel olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Dahası geniş bir alanda gerçekleşen materyal değiş-tokuşuna ve zanaatkâr ağına işaret eden buluntular bir diğer sosyo-ekonomik faktör olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma sosyo-ekonomik temelleri kabul etmekle birlikte bu medeniyetin yükselişinde temel tetikleyici güç olarak merkeze o dönem insanının psiko-kültürel yönüne vurgu yapan spekülatif “bilgiyi” koyacaktır. Sonuç olarak bilgiyi diğer sosyo-ekonomik koşullar karşısında özerk bir yere yerleştiren sosyolojik bakıştan hareketle Göbekli Tepe kültürünün nasıl yükselişe geçtiğinin makul bir yorumunu yapmaya çalışacaktır.

RISE OF GÖBEKLI TEPE CULTURE: “HUNTING GROUND ECONOMY” AND THE ROLE OF SPECULATIVE “KNOWLEDGE”

At the beginning of the Early Holocene Period, the hunter-gatherer groups in the Upper Mesopotamia region left behind complex structures, monumental stone pillars, and various sculptures and Neolithic cultural zone that stand out with rich symbolism accompanying thereto in unprecedented permanent settlements. Excavations were initiated at new Neolithic hills within the scope of the “Taş Tepeler” project in Göbekli Tepe cultural zone, rather known for Göbekli Tepe Neolithic Period site. By whom, how and why this early Neolithic civilization that reverses some basic assumptions on the history of the mankind remains the most important area under discussion. The excavations currently in progress, and the surveys carried out, at the Neolithic sites in this culture region provide comprehensive data on the social and economic foundations that allowed rise of this civilization. In particular, the prevalent and enormous hunting grounds/entrapment areas discovered in this region stand out as the most important economic grounds that allowed this civilization to rise. Moreover, the finds referring to the material exchange and craftsman network conducted in a wide area appears as another socio-economic factor. Despite recognizing the socio-economic foundations, this study shall place the speculative "knowledge" highlighting the psycho-cultural aspect of the people of that era as the main triggering driver regarding rise of this civilization. In conclusion, this study shall endeavour to deduct reasonable interpretation on how Göbekli Tepe culture started to rise on the basis of the sociological perspective that considers knowledge at an autonomous place against other socio-economic conditions.

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