Gulnur KALAYCI, Abdurrahman Anil CAGIRGAN, Murat KAPLAN, Kemal PEKMEZ, Aysen BEYAZIT, Buket OZKAN, Hakan YESILOZ, Fatih ARSLAN

The Role of Viral and Parasitic Pathogens Affected By Colony Losses in Turkish Apiaries

Parasites and viruses are considered major agents of bee colony loss. The aim of this study is to detect the presence of seven viruses and three parasites - namely, Israeli acute bee paralysis virus (IAPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), sacbrood virus (SBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), Nosema, Varroa and Tropilaelaps spp. - in Turkish apiaries affected by colony loss. For this purpose, nine apiaries were examined in 2016, 38 in 2017 and 29 in 2018. The results show that DWV was the most prevalent virus in Turkish apiaries, identified in 44.7% of the samples. The second-most widespread virus was ABPV, in 35.5% of the samples, while the prevalence of BQCV, SBV, CBPV and IAPV was 28.9%, 22.3%, 18.4% and 6.5%, respectively. However, KBV was not identified in any of the apiaries. With regard to microsporidian and parasitological investigations, Nosema was found in 10, Varroa was detected in 21 and both Varroa and Nosema were simultaneously identified in seven apiaries. Tropilaelaps spp. was not detected. In some examples, two, three, four and even five viral agents were detected simultaneously. Mixed viral infections were common in some colonies, which had between two and five different viruses. In conclusion, viruses and mixed infections in particular play a major role in declining colonies.

Koloni Kaybından Etkilenen Türk Arılıklarında Viral ve Paraziter Patojenlerin Rolü

Parazitler ve viruslar koloni kayıplarına sebep olan önemli etkenlerdir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye arılıklarından koloni kaybı şikayeti ile gelen örnekler yedi viral etken; İsrail akut arı felci virusu (IAPV), deforme kanat virusu (DWV), sacbrood virusu (SBV), akut arı felci virusu (ABPV), siyah kraliçe hücre virusu (BQCV), kaşmir arı virusu (KBV), kronik arı felci virusu (CBPV) ve paraziter etkenler olan Nosema, Varroa ve Tropilaelaps spp. yönünden incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla 2016 yılından dokuz, 2017 yılından 38 ve 2018 yılından ise 29 örnek teste tabi tutulmuştur. Koloni kaybı yaşanan arılıklarda en fazla tespit edilen virus %44.7 ile DWV olmuştur. İkinci en yaygın virus ise %35.5’ le ABPV’dir. BQCV, SBV, CBPV ve IAPV prevalansı ise sırasıyla %28.9, %22.3, %18.4 ve %6.5 olarak bulunmuştur. KBV ise örneklerin hiçbirinde tespit edilmemiştir. Parazitolojik incelemeler sonucunda Nosema 10 arılıkta belirlenirken, Varroa 21 arılıkta tespit edilmiştir. Yedi arılıkta ise hem Nosema hem de Varroa belirlenmiştir. Tropilaelaps spp. ise örneklerin hiçbirinde bulunmamıştır. Bazı örneklerde ikili, üçlü, dörtlü ve hatta beşli viral etkenler aynı anda tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, koloni kayıplarına yol açabilecek birçok faktör vardır, özellikle virüslerın ve miks enfeksiyonların azalan kolonilerde önemli bir rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir.

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