Levels of Cardiac Biomarkers and Coagulation Profiles in Dogs with Parvoviral Enteritis

Bu çalışmanın birinci amacı, köpeklerin parvoviral enteritinde kalp biyomarkırları ve pıhtılaşma profilindeki değişimleri belirlemek, hastalığın tanı ve prognozunda bu parametrelerin önemini ortaya koymaktır. İkinci amacı ise enterit formunda miyokart hasarı gelişip gelişmediğini kalp biyomarkırları ile belirlemektir. Bu çalışmanın materyalini yaşları 1.5 ile 6 ay, canlı ağırlıkları 5-15 kg arasında değişen 27 parvoviral enteritli (deney grubu) ve 6 sağlıklı köpek (kontrol grubu) oluşturdu. Parvoviral enteritli köpeklerde anoreksi, ateş, depresyon, latherji, kusma ve kanlı diyare belirlendi. Köpeklerin parvoviral enfeksiyonu dışkı parvovirus antijeni testi ile doğrulandı. Bütün köpeklerden kan örnekleri alındı ve kalp EKG traseleri çekildi. Parvoviral enteritli köpeklere standart tedavi uygulandı. Bu köpeklerin 23'ü iyileşti, 4'ü ise öldü. Ölen hayvanların histopatolojik muaynesinde hafif veya orta derecede akut miyokardit saptandı. Bütün köpeklerin plazma protrombin zamanı (PT), active edilmiş parsiyel tromboplastin zamanı (aPPT), antitrombin III (AT-III), fibrinojen ve D-dimer düzeyleri ve serum kretin kinaz-MB (CK-MB), beyin natriüretik peptit (BNP) ve kardiak troponin I (kTnI) düzeyleri ölçüldü. Parvoviral enteritli köpeklerde plazma PT (P

Parvoviral Enteritli Köpeklerde Pıhtılaşma Profilleri ve Kalp Biyomarkır Düzeyleri

The first aim of this study is to determine the changes of cardiac biomarkers and coagulation profiles in parvoviral enteritis and present the importance of these parametres for prognosis of the disease. The second aim is to determine the presence of myocarditis in the enteritis form of the disease via cardiac biomarkers. Twenty seven dogs with parvoviral enteritis (experiment group) and 6 healthy dogs (control group) which were aged between 1.5 and 6 months, weighted between 5 - 15 kg were used as a material of this study. Anorexia, fever, depression, lethargy, vomitting and haemorrhagic diarrhea were determined in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Parvovirus infection in dogs were verified via feces parvovirus antigen test. Blood samples were collected from all dogs and electrocardiographies (ECG's) were performed. Standard treatment is applied for dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Twenty three of these dogs were treated successfully; however four of them died. Mild to intermediate acute myocarditis were determined in the histopathological examination of the dead dogs. Plasma protrombin (PT), actived parsiel tromboplastin time (aPTT), antitrombin III (AT-III), fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations and serum creatin kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and brain natriuretic peptid (BNP) concentrations were measured. Increase in levels of plasma PT (P<0.001) and aPTT (P<0.001), fibrinogen (P<0.001) and D-dimer (P<0.05), and decrease in level of III AT-III (P<0.05) were detected in dogs with parvoviral enteritis. Increased level of serum CK-MB (P<0.05) and BNP (P<0.001) were also determined. No important change detected in serum cTnI levels. As results, in dogs with parvoviral enterit there were increase in PT, APTT, fibrinogen and D-dimer levels, on the other hand there was a decrease on AT III level resulting in DIC. In addition to this an increase was observed on plasma serum CK-MB and BNP levels. Considering the increase on CK-MB and BNP levels a long with results of histopathological dead dogs, it should be taken into account that acute miocarditis also occures simultaneous with hemoragic parvoviral enterit

PDF

___

Truyen U: Canine Parvovirus. 2000, Available from URL: www.ivis.org, Document No: A0106.0100. cited, Feb 2013.
Goddard A, Leisewitz AL: Canine parvovirus. Vet Clin Small Anim, , 1041-1053, 2010.
Ok M, Şen İ, Birdane FM, Bekteş HG, Turgut K: Diagnostic importence of ELISA and hemaglutination inhibition tests in canine parvoviral infection of dogs. Indian Vet J, 77 (6): 465-467, 2000.
LammCG, Rezabek GB: Parvovirus infection in domestic companion animals. Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract, 38, 837-850, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.03.008
Bruchim Y, Aroch I, Saragusty J, Waner T: Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Compendium, 3 (10): 1-16, 2008.
Laforcade AM, Rozanski EA, Freeman LM, Li W: Serial evaluation of protein C and antitrombin in dogs with sepsis. J Vet Intern Med, 22, 26- , 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0021.x
Caldin M, Furlanello T, Lubas G: Validation of an immunoturbidimetric D-dimer assay in canine citrated plasma. Vet Clin Pathol, 29, 51-54, 2000. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2000.tb00398.x
Isogai E, Isogai H, Onuma M, Mizukoshi N, Hayashi M, Namioka S: Escherichia coli associated endotoxemia in dogs with parvovirus infection. Jpn J Vet Sci, 51 (3): 597-606, 1989.
Osterziel KJ, Hassfeld S, Geier C: Familial dilated cardiaomyopathy. Herz, 30, 529-534, 2005. DOI: 10.1007/s00059-005-2732-3
Apple FS: Tissue specificity of cardiac troponin I, cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase-MB. Clin Chim Acta, 284, 151-159, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/ S0009-8981(99)00077-7
Robinson DJ, Christenson RH: Creatine kinase and it's CK- MB isoenzyme: The conventional marker fort he diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. J Emerg Med, 17 (1): 95-104, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/ S0736-4679(98)00129-2
Saavedra JM, De Oliveira AM, Jöhren O, Tonelli L: Chapter IV: Brain endothelin and natriuretic peptid receptors. In, Quirion R, Björklund A, Hökfelt T (Eds): Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Peptide Receptors. Part I. 125-162, Elsevier Scinces BV, Amsterdam, 2000.
Duygu H, Türk U, Zoghi M, Nalbantgil S: Plazma B-tipi natriüretik peptid düzeylerinin kardiyovasküler hastalıklardaki yeri ve önemi. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg, 5, 305-311, 2005.
Elmalı E, Karaeren Z, Çağdaş Ö, Akan ÖA: Akut koroner sendrom şüpheli hastalarda kardiyak troponin T ve troponin I'nın karşılaştırılması. Turk J Biochem, 30 (3): 212-215, 2005
Ok M, Sağkan Öztürk A, Er C: Üç köpekte kalp yetmezliği. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 26 (1): 57-62, 2010.
Vartner DE, Ingwall JS: Effect of moderate pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy on the distrubition of ceratine kinase isoenzymes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 175, 5-9, 1984. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-175-1-RC2
Yılmaz Z, Şentürk S: Characterisation of lipid profiles in dogs with parvoviral enterit. J Small Anim Pract, 48, 643-650, 2007. DOI: 1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00391.x
Burgener IA, Kovacevic A, Mauldin GN, Lombard CW: Cardiac troponins as indicators of acute myocardial damage in dogs. J Vet Intern Med, 20, 277-283, 2006. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02857.x
Nakagawa O, OgawaY, Itoh H, Suga S, Komatsu Y, Kishimoto I, Nishino K, Yoshimasa T, Nakao K: Rapid transcriptional activation and early mRNA turnover of brain natriuretic peptide in cardiocyte hyper- trophy. Evidence for brain natriuretic peptride as an emergency cardiac hormone against ventricular overload. J Clin Invest, 96, 1280-1287, 1995.
Dickstein K: Natriuretic peptides in detection of heart failure. The Lancet, 351, 4-9, 1998.
Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, McCord J, Hollander JE, Duc P, Omland T, Storrow AB, Abraham WT, Wu AHB, Clopton P, Steg PG, Westheim A, Knudsen CW, Perez A, Kazanegra R, Herrmann HC, McCullough PA: Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med, 347, 161-166, 2002. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa020233
Boswood A: Biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: Beyond natriuretic peptides. J Vet Cardiol, 11, 23-32, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2009.01.003
Macdonald KA, Kittleson MD, Munro C, Kass P: Brain natriuretic peptide concentration in dog with heart disease and congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med, 17, 172-177, 2003.
Donker DW, Maessen JG, Verheyen F, Ramaekers FC, Spatjens RL,Kuijpers H, Ramakers C, Sciffers PMH, Vos MA Crijins HJGM, Volders PGA: Impacat of acute and enduring volume overload on mechonatransduction and cytoskeletal integrity of canine left ventricular myocardium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 292 (H): 2324-2332, 2007. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00392.2006
O'Brien PJ, Smith DE, Knetchel TJ, Marchak MA, Pruimboo-Brees I,Brees DJ, Spart DP, Archer FJ, Butler P, Poter AN: Cardiac troponin I is a sensitive, specific biomarker of cardiac injury in laboratory animals. Lab Anim, 40, 153-171, 2008. DOI: 10.1258/002367706776319042
DeClue AE, Osterbur K, Bigio A, Sharp CR: Evaluation of serum NT-pCNP as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for sepsis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med, 25, 453-459, 2011. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0713.x
Akgül A: Tıbbi Araştırmalarda İstatistiki Analiz Teknikleri "SPSS Uygulamaları", 2. Baskı, Emek Ofset Ltd Şti, Ankara, 2003.
Bloom ME, Kerr JR: Pathogenesis of parvovirus infections. In, Kerr JR, Cotmore SF, Bloom ME, Linden RM, Parrish CR (Eds): Parvoviruses. 325, Oxford University Press Inc , New York, 2006.
Pollock RVH, Coyne MJ: Canine Parvovirus. Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract, 23, 555-568, 1993. DOI: 10.1016/S0195-5616(93)50305-4
Yeşilbağ K, Yılmaz Z, Özkul A, Pratelli A: Aetiological role of viruses in puppies with diarrhoea. Vet Rec, 161, 169-170, 2007. DOI: 10.1136/ vr.161.5.169
Kocatürk M, Martinez S, Eralp O,Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron J, Yılmaz Z: Prognostic value of serum acute-phase proteins in dogs with parvoviral enterit. J Small Anim Pract, 51, 478-480, 2010. DOI: 10.1111/ j.1748-5827.2010.00965.x
Levi M: Pathogenesis and treatment of DIC. Thromb Res, 1, 54-55,
Mischke R: Acute haemostatic changes in accidentally traumatised dogs. Vet J, 169, 60-64, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.01.008
Çöl R, Durgun Z: Sepsis, lökositler, sitokinler ve disseminant intravasküler koagulasyon. Vet Bil Derg, 23, 97-106, 2007.
Otto CM, Rieser TM, Brooks MB, Russell MW: Evidence of hypercoagulability in dogs with parvoviral enterit. JAVMA, 217 (10): 1509, 2000. DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1500
Turgut K: Veteriner Klinik Laboratuvar Teşhis. İkinci Baskı, 885-886, Bahçıvanlar Basım Sanayi, Konya, 2000.
Feldman BF, Madewell BR, O'Neill S: Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Antithrombin, plasminogen, and coagulation abnormalities in 41 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 179 (2): 151-154, 1981.
Stokol E, Brooks MB, Erb HN, Mauldin GE: D-dimer concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Vet Res, 61, 393-398, 2000. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.393
Carr HJ, McKinney M, MacDonagh J: Diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation: Role of D-dimer. Am J Clin Pathol, 91, 280-287,
Laforcade AM, Freeman LMS, Shaw SP, Brooks MB, Rozanski EA, Rush JE: Hemostatic changes in dogs with naturally occuring sepsis. J Vet Intern Med, 17, 674-679, 2003. DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02499.x
Esmon CT: Inflammation and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost, 1, 1343- , 2003. DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00261.x
Wada H: Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Clin Cbim Acta, 344 (1-2): 13-21, 2004.
Prins M, Schellens CJMM, van Leeuwen MW, Rothuizen J, Teske E: Coagulation disorders in dogs with hepatic disease. Vet J, 185, 163- , 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.05.009
Welsh TM, Kukes GD, Sandweiss LM: Differences of creatine kinase MB and cardiac troponin I concentrations in normal and diseased human myocardium. Ann Clin Lab Sci, 32 (1): 44-49, 2002.
Gillum RF, Fortmann SP, Prineas RJ, Kottke TE: International diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction and acute stroke. Am Heart J, 108, 150-158, 1984. DOI: 10.1016/0002-8703(84)90558-1
Smithline HA, Thompson M, Moran C, Mader TJ: Can CK-MB and kTnI be detected in the first 10 min of acute coronary ischemia? Am Fam Physician, 60 (4): 598-602, 2003.
Wells SM, Sleeper M: Cardiac troponins. J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 18, 245, 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00307.x
Mair J, Jartner Dowarzak E, Dienstl A: Early detection of acute myocardial infarction by measurement of mass concentration of creatine kinase-MB. Am J Cardiol, 68, 1545-1550, 1991. DOI: 10.1016/0002- (91)90307-7
Bastan İ, Kurtdede A, Sel T, Özen D, Yumuşak N, Timurkan MÖ, Baydın A: Serum cardiac troponin-I dogs with CPV-2 infection. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 60, 251-255, 2013.
Haßdenteufel E1, Kresken JG, Henrich E, Hildebrandt N, Schneider C, Stosic A, Schneider M: NT-proBNP as a diagnostic marker in dogs with dyspnea and in asymptomatic dogs with heart murmur. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere, 40 (3): 171-179, 2012.