METİN ÇENESİZ, ONUR ATAKİŞİ, AYŞEGÜL AKAR, Güven ÖNBİLGİN, Neslihan ORMANCI

Effects of 900 and 1800 MHz electromagnetic field application on electrocardiogram, nitric oxide, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant capacity, total protein, Albumin and Globulin levels in guinea pigs

Çalışmada mobil telefonların iletişimini gerçekleştiren baz istasyonu antenlerinin yaydığı 900 ve 1800 MHz elektromanyetik alanın (EMF) elektrokardiyogram (ECG) ve bazı biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Hayvan materyali olarak ortalama ağırlıkları 652±22.8 gr olan 26 erkek kobay kullanıldı. Hayvanlar 1. grup (kontrol n=7), 2. grup (900 MHz EMF n=10) ve 3. grup (1800 MHz EMF n=9) ve olarak 3 gruba ayrıldı. Her 3 grupta birbirlerinin elektromanyetik alanlarından etkilenmeyecek şekilde farklı odalarda barındırıldı. 2. ve 3. gruplara 20 gün süreyle her gün 13:00-17:00 saatleri arasında 4 saat süreyle EMF uygulandı. Çalışma sonunda ECG ve daha sonrada eter anestezisi altında kalpten antikoagulanlı tüplere kan alındı. Alınan kanlar 4ºC 1550 g de 10 dakika santrifüj edildikten sonra plazmaları alınarak analiz edilinceye kadar -80ºC de saklandı. Alınan ECG kalp atım sayısı, P dalgasının süresi ve amplitüdü, PR aralığı, R dalgasının amplitüdü, S dalgasının süresi, QRS kompleksinin süresi, QT aralığı ve T dalgasının amplitüdü yönünden incelendi. Plazmada ise total protein (TP), Albumin, Globulin, plazma oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) ve Nitrik Oksit (NO) analizleri gerçekleştirildi. Plazma analizlerinden elde edilen sonuçların istatistiksel karşılaştırılması sonucunda TP ve TACta herhangi bir anlam bulunamazken, Albumin, Globulin ve TOS’ta 900 ve 1800 MHz elektromanyetik alana maruz kalan deneklerde kontrole göre anlamlı değişme tespit edildi (P

Anahtar Kelimeler:

elektrokardiyogram, kan kimyası, antioksidanlar, albümin, nitrik oksit, kalp, kobay, globulin, elektromanyetik alan, elektrokardiyografi, kan proteini

Kobaylarda 900 ve 1800 MHz elektromanyetik alan uygulanmasının EKG, nitrik oksit, total antioksidan kapasite, total oksidan kapasite, total protein, albumin ve Globulin düzeyleri üzerine etkileri

The aim of this study was to investigate the eff ects of 900 and 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by base station antennas implementing the mobile telephone communication on electrocardiogram (ECG) and some biochemical parameters. Animal material was consisted of 26 male guinea pigs, weighing 652±22.8 g in average. Animals were divided into three groups, as group 1 (control n=7), group 2 (900 MHz EMF n=10) and group 3 (1800 MHz EMF n=9). Groups 2 and 3 were subjected to EMF for 20 days, daily between 13:00-17:00 pm for 4. Total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, plasma oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Nitric Oxide (NO) levels were determined in plasma. Statistical comparision of data obtained from plasma analysis revealed a significant diff erence in guinea pigs subjected to 900 and 1800 MHz radioactive field for albumin, globulin and TOS levels (P<0.05). NO refl ected a significant diff erence in 900 MHz EMF subjected guinea pigs, compared to the control group (P<0.05), however no diff erences were observed in 1800 MHz EMF subjected animals. Data obtained from ECG and plasma analysis indicated that EMF subjection may lead to some irregularities in the autonomic control of the heart in addition to oxidative damage.

Keywords:

electrocardiograms, blood chemistry, antioxidants, albumins, nitric oxide, heart, guineapigs, globulins, electromagnetic field, electrocardiography, blood protein,

PDF

___

Dural G, Ruacan S: Tubitak-Bilten Elektromanyetik Dalgalar ve İnsan Sağlığı Sıkça Sorulan Sorular ve Yanıtları, Ankara, 2001.2.
Hossmann KA, Herman DM: Eff ect of electromagnetic radiation of mobile phones on the central nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics, 24, 49-62, 2003.3.
Irmak MK, Fadillioglu E, Guleç M, Erdogan H, Yagmurca M, Akyol O: Eff ects of electromagnetic radiation from a cellular telephone on the oxidant and antioxidant levels in rabbits. Cell Biochem Funct, 20, 279-283, 2002.
4. Rothman KJ: Epidemiological evidence on health risks of cellular telephones. Lancet, 356, 25, 2000.
5. Kavet R, Black R: Electrical and magnetic fields-health research. Agr Eng, 66 (1): 21-24, 1985.
6. Sokolovic D, Djindjic B, Nikolic J, Bjelakovic G, Pavlovic D, Kocic G, Krstic D, Cvetkovic T, Pavlovic V: Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure of microwave radiation from mobile phones in rat brain. J Radiat Res (Tokyo), 49 (6): 579-586, 2008.
7. Aly AA, Cheema MI, Tambawala M, Laterza R, Zhou E, Rathnabharathi K, Barnes FS: Eff ects of 900-MHz radio fFrequencies on the chemotaxis of human neutrophils in vitro. IEEE T Bio-Med Eng, 55 (2): 795-797, 2008.
8. Ozguner M, Koyu A, Cesur G, Ural M, Ozguner F, Gokcimen A, Delibas N: Biological and morphological eff ects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field. Saudi Med J, 26 (3): 405-410, 2005.
9. Yasser MM, Randa MM, Belacy A, Abou-El-Ela SH, Fadel MA: Eff ects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human erythrocytes. J Pharmaceut Biomed, 26 (4): 605-608, 2001.
10. Barbaro V, Bartolini P, Donato A, Militello C: Electromagnetic interference of analog cellular telephones with pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 19 (10): 1410-1418, 1996.
11. Hayes DL, Carrillo RG, Findlay GK, Embrey M: State of the science: Pacemaker and defibrillator interference from wireless communication devices. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 19 (10): 1419-1430, 1999
12. Kılıcalp D, Deger Y, Çınar A: Eff ects of gren tea on electrocardio-graphy of guinea pigs exposed to electromagnetic field emmited by mobile phones. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15 (6): 823-828, 2009.
13.Lowenstein CJ, Dinerman JL, Snyder SH: Nitric oxide: A physiologic messenger. Ann Intern Med, 120, 227-237, 1994.
14. Bast A, Haenen GR, Doelman CJ: Oxidants and antioxidants: State of the art. Am J Med, 91 (3): 2S-S13, 1991.
15. Frei B: Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant vitamins: Mechanisms of action. Am J Med, 97 (3): S5- S13, 1994.
16. Farinati F, Cardin R, Degan P, De Maria N, Floyd RA, Van Thiel DH, Naccarato R: Oxidative DNA damage in circulating leukocytes occurs as an early event in chronic HCV infection. Free Radical Biol Med, 27 (11-12): 1284-1291, 1999.
17. Halliwell B, Aruoma OI: DNA damage by oxygen-derived species. Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Lett, 281 (1-2): 9-19, 1991.
18. Wu W, Yao K, Wang KJ, Lu DQ, He JL, Xu LH, Sun WJ: Blocking 1800 MHz mobile phone radiation-induced reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in lens epithelial cells by noise magnetic fields. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 37 (1): 34-38, 2008.
19. Bas O, Odaci O, Kaplan S, Acer N, Ucok K, Colakoglu S: 900 MHz Electromagnetic field exposure affects qualitative and quantitative features of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the adult female rat. Brain Res, 1265, 178-185, 2009.
20.Tafl ove A: Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Diff erence Time-Domain Method. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1995.
21. Italian National Research Council: Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues. http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/. Accessed: 09.09.2010.
22. Ferreira AR, Bonatto F, de Bittencourt Pasquali MA, Polydoro M, Dal-Pizzol F, Fernadez C, de Salles AA, Moreira JC: Oxidative stress eff ects on the central nervous system of rats after acute exposure to ultra high frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 27, 487-493, 2006.
23. Imaida K, Taki M, Yamaguchi T, Ito T, Watanabe S, Wake K, Aimoto A, Kamimura Y, Ito N, Shirai T: Lack of promoting eff ects of the electromagnetic near-field used for cellular phones (929.2 MHz) on rat liver carcinogenesis in a medium-term liver bioassay. Carcinogenesis, 19 (2): 311–314, 1998.
24. Puranen L, Toivo T, Toivonen T, Pitkaaho R, Turunen A, Sihvonen AP, Jokela K, Heikkinen P, Kumlin T, Juutilainen J: Space efficient system for whole-body exposure of unrestrained rats to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 30, 120-128, 2009.
25. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection: Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic field (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys, 74, 494-522, 1998.
26. Tekintanğaç T: Cep telefonları tarafından oluşturulan elektro-manyetik alanın kobay EKG’si üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. YYÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006.
27. Miranda KM, Espey MG, Wink DA: A rapid, simple spectrophoto-metric method for simultaneous detection of nitrate and nitrite. Nitric Oxide, 5 (1): 62-71, 2001.
28. Erel O: A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem, 37, 277-285, 2004.
29. Steel RGB, Torrie JH: Principles and procedures of statistics. McGrow, New York, 1960.30. Repacholi MH: Low-level exposure to radiofrequency electro-magnetic fields: Health eff ects and research needs. Bioelectromagnetics, 19, 1-19, 1998.
31. Khalns J, Ryan KL, Mason PA, Bruno JG, Kiel JL: Oxidative stress precedes circulatory failure induced by 35-GHz microwave heating. Shock, 13 (1): 52-59, 2000.
32. Poljak D, Peratta A, Brebbia CA: The boundary element electro-magnetic-thermal analysis of human exposure to base station antennas radiation. Eng Anal Bound Elem, 24 (7): 763-770, 2004.
33.Paredi P, Khatirnonv SA, Hanazawa T, Barnes PJ: Local vasodilatorresponse to mobile phones. Laryngoscope, 111 (1): 159-162, 2001.
34. Loscalzo J, Welch G: Nitric oxide and its role in the cardiovasculer system. Prog Cardiovasc Dis (USA), 38 (2): 87-104, 1995.
35. Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA: Nitric oxide: physiology, patho-physiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev, 43, 109-142, 1991.
36. Li H, Förstermann U: Nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. J Pathol, 190, 244-254, 2000.
37. Moustafa YM, Moustafa RM, Belacy A, Abou-El-Ela SH, Ali FM: Eff ects of acute exposure to the radiofrequency fields of cellular phones on plasma lipid peroxide and antioxidase activities in human erythrocytes. J Pharmaceut Biomed, 26 (4): 605-608, 2001.
38. Meral I, Mert H, Mert N, Deger Y, Yoruk I, Yetkin A, Keskin S: Eff ects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res, 12 (1169): 120-124, 2007.
39. Yurekli AI, Ozkan M, Kalkan T, Saybasili H, Tuncel H, Atukeren P, Gumustas K, Seker S: GSM base station electromagnetic radiation and oxidative stress in rats. Electromagn Biol Med, 25 (3): 177-188, 2006.
40. Erel O: A novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radical reactions. Clin Biochem, 37, 112-119, 2004.
41. Erel O: A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem, 38, 1103-1111, 2005.
42. Himmelfarb J, Mcmonagle E: Albumin is the major plasma protein target of oxidant stres in uremia. Kidney Int, 60, 358-363, 2001.
43. Dalle-Donne I, Giustarini D,Colombo R,Rossi R, Milzani A: Protein-carbonylation in human disease. Trends Mol Med, 9, 169-176, 2003.