Heart of Darkness and the Beach of Falesá: Sosyal Darwinizm ve Emperyalizmin Devamı ya da Sonu
Bu çalışma, 19. yüzyılda ırkçı söylemlerle sömürgeciliği hızlandıran sosyal Darwinizm veemperyalizmi Heart of Darkness (1899) ve The Falesá Beach (1892) romanlarınıtartışmanın merkezine alarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Her iki eser sırasıyla Kongo veSomoa olmak üzere farklı yerleşim yerlerini ele alan, Joseph Conrad ve Robert LouisStevenson gibi farklı yazın kültürüne sahip yazarlar tarafından kaleme alınsa da 19. yüzyılimparatorluk ve sömürgecilik söylemlerine benzer yönlerden ışık tutmaktadır. Makaleninilk bölümü emperyalizm, sosyal Darwinizm, ırkçılık ve bunların ilgili eserlerdeyansımaları ve birbirleri ile olan ilişkisine odaklanacaktır. Daha sonra, eserler veyazarların emperyalizm ve sosyal Darwinizme olan mesafeleri ya da eleştirel duruşlarıkarşılaştırmalı olarak tematik yöntem ile değerlendirilecektir. Makale, The Beach ofFalesá’daki beyaz adam Wiltshire ve Heart of Darkness’daki Marlow’un sırasıyla Kongove Somoa’ya olan yolculuklarını sömürü ve üstünlük gibi emperyal arayışlarla başlattığınıancak her ikisinin de yolcukları boyunca bir aydınlatma ve katarsis hissi yaşadıklarını veaslında gerçek vahşi ve uygar olanın siyasetiyle tam olarak emperyalizmin kalbindekarşılaştıkları sonucuna varmaktadır.
HEART OF DARKNESS AND THE BEACH OF FALESÁ:PROMOTING OR SUBVERTING IMPERIALISM AND SOCIALDARWINISM
This study aims to analyse social Darwinism and imperialism that accelerated colonialism with racist discourses in 19th century by taking two literary works Heart of Darkness (1899) and The Beach of Falesá (1892) into the centre of the discussion. Although written in different settings by authors from different backgrounds, successively in Congo by Joseph Conrad and in Samoa by Robert Louis Stevenson, two novels shed light on the 19thcentury imperial and colonial discourses. The first part of the article will focus on the relation between imperialism, social Darwinism, racism and their reflections on the works. Later on, these works and their authors will critically be compared through a thematic approach to evaluate their critical stance for imperialism and social Darwinism. The article concludes that the central protagonists, white men Wiltshire in The Beach of Falesá and Marlow in Heart of Darkness set out their journey with imperial pursuits such as exploitation and superiority, but they both go through a sense of illumination and catharsis as they reach at the heart of imperialism where they encounter the politics of what is savage and civilised.
___
- Achebe, C. (1977). An image of Africa. The Massachusetts Review, 18(4), 782-794.
- Charles, D. (1997). On the origin of species by means of natural selection or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. ElecBook: London. (Original work published 1859)
- Charles, D. (2004). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. (Moore, James R. and Adrian J. Desmond, Ed.). London: Penguin. (Original work published 1871).
- Conrad, J. (2008). Heart of darkness. Waiheke Island: Floating Press. (Original work published 1899)
- Dennis, R. M. (1995). Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race. The Journal of Negro Edication, 64(3), 243-252.
- Farrington, B. (1996). What Darwin really said. New York: Schocken Books.
- Firchow, Peter. E. (2000). Envisioning Africa: Racism and imperialism in Conrad's heart of darkness. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- Greenslade, William M. (1994). Degeneration, culture, and the novel, 1880-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hillier, Robert I. (1989). The South Seas Fiction of Robert Louis Stevenson. New York: Peter Lang.
- Jackson, D. (2000). The beach of Falesá and the colonial enterprise. Limina, 6, 72- 84.
- Joll, J. (1990). Europe since 1870: An international history. London: Penguin.
- Kidd, B. (1898). The control of the tropics. New York: MacMillian. Moore, James R. and Adrian J. Desmond, (London: Penguin, 2004)
- Said, Edward W. (1994). Culture and imperialism. New York: Vintage Books.
- Sedgwick, A. (1859). Darwin correspondence project–letter 2548–Sedgwick, Adam to Darwin, C.R., 24 Nov 1859. Retrieved from https://www. darwinproject. ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-2548.xml
- Seeley, Robert J. (2006). The expansion of England. Elibron: Leipzig.
- Smith, V. (1998). Literary culture and the Pacific: Nineteenth-century Textual Encounters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Snow, W. P. (1861). A few remarks on the wild tribes of Tierra del Fuego from personal observation. Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London. 1, 261-267.
- Stevenson, Robert L. (2002). The beach of Falesá. Blackmask: Online. Retrieved from http://public-library.uk/ebooks/13/95.pdf
- Vidyarthi, Prasad L. (1983). Racism, science and pseudo-science, Unesco.
- Watt, I. (1981). Conrad in the nineteenth century. Berkekey: University of California Press.
- Weikart, R. (2003). Progress through racial extermination: Social Darwinism, Eugenics, and Pacifism in Germany 1860-1918. German Studies Review, 26, 273-294
- ISSN: 1307-5500
- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 2008
- Yayıncı: Kafkas üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Entitüsü
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler
Çok Kavisli İran Kılıçlarının Kabzalarının Yapısal Analizi
Manouchehr Moshtagh KHORASANI, Nima ARJMANDI
Heart of Darkness and the Beach of Falesá: Sosyal Darwinizm ve Emperyalizmin Devamı ya da Sonu
Kişilik Özellikleri ve Mesleki İlgiler Arasındaki İlişki: Boylamsal Bir Çalışma