Köpeklerde Fruktanların Kullanımı

Fruktanlar prebiyotik niteliğinde olan maddelerdir. Prebiyotikler kalın barsakta bir veya sınırlı sayıda bakteri türünün gelişimini ve/veya aktivitesini uyarma yoluyla konağı olumlu yönde etkileyen sindirilemeyen gıda içeriği olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Fruktanların yararlı mikrobiyal popülasyonu arttırma yoluyla barsak sağlığına olan faydalarına ek olarak dışkı koksunu oluşturan bileşikleri azalttığı, kan kolesterol seviyesini düşürdüğü, bazı kanser tiplerinin oluşumunu engellediği, vitamin sentezini arttırdığı, mineral emilimini yükselttiği ve bağışıklık sistemini uyardığı tespit edilmiştir. Fruktanların farklı formları köpeklerde farklı etkilere sahip olabilmektedir. Fruktanların etkileri zincir uzunluğu ve fermantasyon oranı gibi özelliklerden dolayı değişebilmektedir. Kullanılan diyetin tipi (bitkisel veya hayvansal temelli, ham protein seviyesi) ve köpekler arasında bireysel farklılıklar fruktan ilavesinin etkinliğini değiştirebilmektedir. Fruktanların diyetteki konsantrasyonları kuru mamanın % 0.4’ünün üstünde olmadığı zaman yararlı etkileri görülmemektedir. Bu derlemede fruktanların önemi ve etkileri vurgulanmış olup köpeklerde fruktanların kullanımı ile ilgili araştırmalar özetlenmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Prebiyotik, Fruktanlar, Köpek

Use of Fructans in Dogs

Fructans are classified as prebiotic, which is defined as nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health. In addition to their intestinal health benefits by increasing beneficial microbial populations, fructans have been shown to decrease fecal odor components, reduce blood cholesterol, prevent or inhibit the occurrence of some types of cancer, enhance vitamin synthesis, increase mineral absorption, and stimulate the immune system. Different forms of fructans can have different physiological effects in dogs. Specific effects may vary due to fructan chain length and/or rate of fermentation. The type of diet utilized (plant-based or animal-based and level of crude protein) and variation among individual animals might greatly affect the efficacy of fructans supplementation. The full beneficial effects of fructans probably will not be experienced unless dietary concentrations are above 0.4% of dry food. In this review, the importance and effects of fructans were emphasized and the studies investigating use of fructans in dogs were summarized.

Keywords:

Prebiotic, Fructans, Dog,

PDF

___

Apanavicius, C.J., Powell, K.L., Vester, B.M., Karr-Lilienthal, L.K., Pope, L.L., Fastinger, N.D., Wallig, M.A., Tappenden, K.A., Swanson, K.S., 2007. Fructan supplementation and infection affect food intake, fever, and epithelial sloughing from Salmonella challenge in weanling puppies. J. Nutr., 137, 1923–1930.
Barry, K.A., Hernot, D.C., Middelbos, I.S., Francis, C., Dunsford, B., Swanson, K.S., Fahey, G.C., 2009. Low-level fructan supplementation of dogs enhances nutrient digestion and modifies stool metabolite concentrations, but does not alter fecal microbiota populations J. Anim. Sci., 87, 3244-3252.
Beylot, M., 2005. Effects of inulin-type fructans on lipid metabolism in man and in animal models. Br. J. Nutr., 93(suppl), S163–S168.
Beynen, A.C., Baas, J.C., Hoekemeijer, P.E., 2002. Faecal bacterial profile, nitrogen excretion and mineral absorption in healthy dogs fed sup- plemental oligofructose. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 86, 298-305.
Cummings, J.H., Hill, M.J., Bones, E.S., Branch, W.J., Jenkins, D.J.A., 1979. The effect of meat protein and dietary fiber on colonic function and metabolism. II. Bacterial metabolites in feces and urine. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 32, 2094–2101.
Cummings, J.H., Bingham, S.A., 1987. Dietary fiber, fermentation and large bowel cancer. Cancer Surv., 6, 601–621.
Delzenne, N.M., Kok N., 2001. Effects of fructans-type prebiotics on lipid metabolism. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73(suppl), 456S–458S.
Flickinger, E.A., Van Loo, J., Fahey, G.C., 2003. Nutritional responses to the presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of domesticated animals: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 43, 19–60.
Flickinger, E.A., Schreijen, E.M.W.C., Patil, A.R., Hussein, H.S., Grieshop, C.M., Merchen, N.R., Fahey, G.C., 2003. Nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations, and protein catabolites as affected by fructan supplementation of dog diets. J. Anim. Sci., 81, 2008-2018.
Gibson, G.R., Roberfroid, M.B., 1995. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: in- troducing the concept of prebiotics. J. Nutr., 125, 1401–1412.
Gilliland, S.E., 1990. Health and nutritional
benefits from lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 87, 175–188.
Hesta, M., Janssens, G.P.J., Debraekeleer, J., De Wilde, R., 2001. The effect of oligofructose and inulin on faecal characteristics and nutrient digestibility in healthy cats. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 85, 135-141.
Holz, G.G., Kuhtreiber, W.M., Habener, J.F., 1993. Pancreatic beta-cells are rendered glucose- competent by the insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide–1 (7–37). Nature, 361, 362–365.
Hussein, H., Campbell, J., Bauer, L.L., Fahey, G.C., Hogarth, A., Wolf, B., Hunter, D., 1998. Selected Fructooligosaccharide Composition of Pet-Food Ingredients. J. Nutr., 128, 2803S- 2805S.
Jenkins, D.J.A., Kendall, C.W.C., Vuksan, V., 1999. Inulin, oligofructose and intestinal function. J. Nutr., 129, 1431S–1433S.
Komatsu, R., Matsuyama, T., Namba, M.,
Watanabe, N., Itoh, H., Kono, N., Tarui, S., 1989. Glucagonostatic and insulinotropic action of glucagon-like peptide 1-(7–36)-amide. Diabetes, 38, 902–905.
Lomax, A.R., Calder, P.C., 2009. Prebiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence Br. J. Nutr., 101, 633– 658.
Nauck, M.A., Niedereichholz, U., Ettler, R., Holst, J.J., Orskov, C., Ritzel, R., Schmiegel, W.H., 1997. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric emptying outweight its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans. Am. J. Physiol. – Endocrinol. Met., 273, E981–E988.
Ohta, A., Baba, S., Takizawa, T., Adachi, T., 1994. Effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on the absorption of magnesium-deficient rat model. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 40, 171-180.
Ohta, A., Ohtsuki, M., Hosoro, A., 1998. Dietary fructo-oligosaccharides prevent osteopenia after gastrectomy. J. Nutr., 128, 106-110.
Propst, E.L., Flickinger, E.A., Bauer, L.L.,
Merchen, N.R., Fahey, G.C., 2003. A dose- response experiment evaluating the effects of oligofructose and inulin on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and fecal protein catabolites in healthy adult dogs. J. Anim. Sci., 81, 3057-3066.
Reddy, B.S., Hamid, R., Rao, C.V., 1997. Effect of dietary oligofructose and inuliln on colonic preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci inhibition. Carcinogenesis, 18, 1371–1374.
Pierre, F., Perrin, P., Champ, M., 1997. Short- chain fructo-oligosaccharides reduce the occurrence of colon tumors and develop gut- associated lymphoid tissue in Min mice. Cancer Res., 57, 225-228.
Roberfroid, M.B., Van Loo, J.A.E., Gibson, G.R., 1998. The bifidogenic nature of chicory inulin and its hydrolysis products J. Nutr., 128, 11 - 19.
Roberfroid, M.B., 1998. Dietary fructans. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 18, 117-143.
Roberfroid, M.B., Cumps, J., Devogelaer, J.P., 2002. Dietary chicory inulin increases whole- body bone mineral density in growing male rats. J. Nutr., 132, 3599–3602.
Roberfroid, M.B., 2007. Inulin-Type Fructans: Functional Food Ingredients J. Nutr., 137, 2493S–2502S.
Rowland, I.R., Rumney, C.J., Coutts, J.T.,
Lievense, L.C., 1998. Effect of Bifidobacterium longum and inulin on gut bacterial metabolism and carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci in rats. Carcinogenesis, 19, 281–285.
Sangeetha, P.T., Ramesh, M.N., Prapulla, S.G., 2004. Production of fructo-oligosaccharides by fructosyl transferase from Aspergillus oryzae CFR 202 and Aureobasidium pullulans CFR 77. Process Biochem., 39, 755-760.
Spoelstra, S. F., 1980. Origin of objectionable odorous components in piggery wastes and the possibility of applying indicator components for studying odor development. Agric. Environ., 5, 241-260.
Strickling, J.A., Harmon, D.L., Dawson, K.A., Gross, K.L., 2000. Evaluation of oligosaccharide addition to dog diets: Influences on nutrient digestion and microbial populations. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 86, 205–219.
Sunvold, G.D., Fahey, G.C., Merchen, N.R., Titgemeyer, E.C., Bourquin, L.D., Bauer, L.L., Reinhart, G.A., 1995. Dietary fiber for dogs: IV. In vitro fermentation of selected fiber sources by dog fecal inoculum and in vivo digestion and metabolism of fiber-supplemented diets. J. Anim. Sci., 73, 1099-1109.
Sunvold, G.D., Reinhart, G.A., 1998. Use of novel fibers in canine gastrointestinal disease. Proceedings 23. Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Swanson, K.S., Grieshop, C.M., Flickinger, E.A., Bauer, L.L., Chow, J., Wolf, B.W., Garleb, K.A., Fahey, G.C., 2002. Fructooligosaccharides and Lactobacillus acidophilus modify gut microbial populations, total tract nutrient digestibilities and fecal protein catabolite concentrations in healthy adult dogs. J. Nutr., 132, 3721–3731.
Swanson, K.S., Grieshop, C.M., Flickinger, E.A., Merchen, N.R., Fahey, G.C., 2002. Effects of Supplemental Fructooligosaccharides and Mannanoligosaccharides on Colonic Microbial Populations, Immune Function and Fecal Odor Components in the Canine J. Nutr., 132, 1717S– 1719S.
Swanson, K.S., Grieshop, C.M., Flickinger, E.A., Bauer, L.L., Healy, H.P., Dawson, K.A., Merchen, N.R., Fahey, G.C., 2002. Supplemental fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides influence immune function, ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations and concentrations of protein catabolites in the large bowel of dogs. J. Nutr., 132, 980-989.
Swanson, K.S., Fahey, G.C., 2004. An assess- ment of prebiotic use in companion animal diets. Supplement to Compendium on Continuing Edu- cation for the Practicing Veterinarian, 26, 34-42.
Topping, D.L., 1996. Short-chain fatty acids produced by intestinal bacteria. Asia Pacific J. Clin. Nutr., 5, 15–19.
Weaver, C.M., Liebman, M., 2002. Biomarkers of bone health appropriate for evaluating func- tional foods designed to reduce risk of osteoporo- sis. Br. J. Nutr., 88(suppl), S225–S232.
Willard, M.D., Simpson, R.B., Delles, E.K., 1994. Effects of dietary supplementation of fruc- tooligosaccharides on small intestinal bacterial over-growth in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 55, 654- 659.
Wright, R.S., Anderson, J.W., Briges, S.R., 1990. Propionate inhibits hepatocyte lipids synthesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 195, 26–29.
Younes, H., Garleb, K., Behr, S., Remesy, C., Demigne, C., 1995. Fermentable fibers or oligosaccharides reduce urinary nitrogen excretion by increasing urea disposal in the rat cecum. J. Nutr., 125, 1010-1016.
Zentek, J., Marquart, B., Pietrzak, T., Ballevre, O., Rochat, F., 2003. Dietary effects on bifidobacteria and Clostridium perfringens in the canine intestinal tract. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.), 87, 397–407.