Berdal ARAL

40235

Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler’in Batı ve Doğu Kudüs’ün İsrail Tarafından İşgaline Yönelik Tutumu

Bu makalede, uluslararası barış ve güvenliğin korunması hususunda kendisine aslî bir sorumluluk yüklenmiş olan Birleşmiş Milletler ’in (BM), Filistin topraklarının önce Siyonist terör grupları, sonra İsrail tarafından işgali karşısında almış olduğu tutum, hususiyetle Batı ve Doğu Kudüs’e odaklanılarak ele alınmaktadır. Burada ortaya konan bulgular, hem Soğuk Savaş boyunca hem de sonrasında Güvenlik Konseyi’nin ve Genel Kurul’un Siyonist devletin Filistin’i hedef alan işgal politikaları karşısında genel olarak sessiz ve etkisiz kaldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu BM organları, İsrail’in Batı Kudüs’ü 1948’deki işgali karşısında herhangi bir tepki göstermezken, bu organlar, aynı devletin 1967’de Doğu Kudüs’ü işgali karşısında, işgale son verilmesi çağrısı yapmışlar ve fakat aldıkları kararlar, herhangi bir yaptırımla ya da tehditle tahkim edilmediğinden, etkisiz ve cılız kalmıştır. Sonuç olarak, BM, İsrail’in Filistin topraklarını bütünüyle işgali karşısında BM Kurucu Antlaşması’nın VII. Bölümünde ifadesini bulan ‘etkili’ mekanizmaları harekete geçirmekten uzak durması itibariyle, Filistin davasına dikkate değer destek vermekten uzak kalmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Filistin, İsrail işgali, BM Andlaşması, Genel Kurul, Güvenlik Konseyi, egemenlik

The Attitudes of the United Nations to the Occupation of Western and Eastern Jerusalem by Israel in the Context of International Law

This article examines the attitude of the UN, which has a fundamental responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, in the face of the occupation of Palestinian lands first by Zionist terrorist groups and then by 'Israel', with a particular focus on West and East Jerusalem. The findings reveal that both during and after the Cold War, the Security Council and the General Assembly remained generally silent and ineffective in the face of the Zionist state's occupation policies targeting Palestine. While these UN bodies did not react to Israel's occupation of West Jerusalem in 1948, they called for an end to the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967, but their resolutions remained ineffective and weak, as they were not backed up by any sanctions or threats. Consequently, the UN has been far from providing significant support to the Palestinian cause, as it has failed to mobilise the 'effective' mechanisms enshrined in Article VII of the UN Charter in the face of Israel's total occupation of the Palestinian territories.
Keywords:

Palestine, Israeli occupation, UN Charter, General Assembly, Security Council, sovereignty,

PDF

___

  • Abboushi, W. F. (1977). The Road to Rebellion: Arab Palestine in the 1930’s, Journal of Palestine Studies, İlkbahar, cilt: 6, sayı: 3, 23-46.
  • Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry (1946). A Survey of Palestine. Palestine: Government Printer. https://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Books/Story831.html
  • Balfour Declaration (1917, 2 Kasım), https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/balfour.asp (erişim tarihi: 24/08/2022)
  • Boyle, Francis A. (2009, 24 Ocak). International Law and Israel’s War on Gaza, Global Research, https://www.globalresearch.ca/international-law-and-israel-s-war-on-gaza/11995
  • Cassese, A. (2008). The Human Dimension of International Law. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Covenant of the League of Nations (1919, 28 Nisan). https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp (erişim tarihi: 22/08/2022)
  • Falk, Richard A. (2009) “Foreword to Victor Kattan”, From Coexistence to Conquest: International Law and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891-1945. London: Pluto Press.
  • Garaudy, R. (1983). The Case of Israel: A Study of Political Zionism. Londra, Shorouk International.
  • Gaza-Jericho Agreement, Annex IV, Protocol on Economic Relations between the Government of the State of Israel and the P.L.O., representing the Palestinian people, Paris, (1994, 29 Nisan). https://israelipalestinian.procon.org/sourcefiles/1994ParisProtocol.pdf
  • Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (1949, 12 Ağustos). https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf
  • Hague Convention (1907, 18 Ekim). Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/WebART/195-200052 (erişim tarihi: 06/09/2022).
  • Halper, Jeff (2015). War against the People: Israel, the Palestinians and Global Pacification. London: Pluto Press.
  • International Court of Justice (2004). Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I. C. J. Reports, 9 Temmuz 2004, 136-203, http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/131/131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
  • Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2004, 6 Haziran). The Cabinet Resolution Regarding the Disengagement Plan. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/MFADocuments/Pages/ Revised%20Disengagement%20Plan%206-June-2004.aspx
  • Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Washington, D.C., (1995, 28 Eylül) https://ecf.org.il/media_items/624
  • Jabarin, Shawan (2013). The Occupied Palestinian Territory and international humanitarian law: a response to Peter Maurer. International Review of the Red Cross, cilt: 95, sayı: 890, 415-428.
  • Kattan, Victor (2009). From Coexistence to Conquest: International Law and the Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1891-1945. London: Pluto Press.
  • Napolitano, Paolo & Hakala, Pekka (2012). Jerusalem: The Heart of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Policy Briefing. Belgium: European Parliament Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union Policy Department. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/briefing_ note/join/2012/491443/EXPO-AFET_SP(2012)491443_EN.pdf (erişim tarihi: 12/09/2022)
  • Oslo Agreement, Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (1993, 13 Eylül) http://www.refworld.org/docid/3de5e96e4.html
  • Quigley, John (1994). The Legal Status of Jerusalem under International Law. The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, cilt: 24, 11-23.
  • The Wye River Memorandum, (1998, 23 Ekim). https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/ files/IL%20PS_981023_The%20Wye%20River%20Memorandum.pdf
  • UN General Assembly (1947, 29 Kasım). Resolution No. 181(II), Resolution Adopted on the Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question. https://undocs.org/A/RES/181(II) (erişim tarihi: 27/08/2022).
  • UN General Assembly (1966a, 16 Aralık). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations, Resolution 2200A (XXI), https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/ccpr.pdf.
  • UN General Assembly (1966b, 16 Aralık). International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights, Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations, 16 Aralık 1966, Resolution 2200A (XXI), http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cescr.pdf (erişim tarihi: 4/09/2022).
  • UN General Assembly (1970, 24 Ekim). Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, Res. No. 2625(XXV). https://undocs.org/A/RES/2625(XXV) (erişim tarihi: 28/08/2022)
  • UN General Assembly (1974, 14 Aralık). Definition of Aggression, Resolution No. 3314 (XXIX). https://undocs.org/A/RES/3314(XXIX) (erişim tarihi: 09/09/2022)
  • UN General Assembly (1950, 3 Kasım). Resolution No. 377 (V), “Uniting for Peace”, https://undocs.org/A/RES/377(V) (erişim tarihi: 10/09/2022).
  • UN Security Council (1967, 22 Kasım). Resolution 242, Resolution adopted by the Security Council at its 1382nd meeting. https://undocs.org/S/RES/242(1967) (erişim tarihi: 08/09/2022)
  • UN Security Council (1973, 22 Ekim). Resolution No. 338, Resolution adopted by the Security Council at its 1747th meeting. https://undocs.org/S/RES/338(1973) (erişim tarihi: 09/09/2022)
  • UN Security Council (1980, 20 Ağustos). Resolution No. 478, Resolution adopted by the Security Council at its 2245th meeting. https://undocs.org/S/RES/478(1980) (erişim tarihi: 10/09/2022)
  • UN General Assembly (1948, 11 Aralık). Resolution No. 194, https://undocs.org/A/RES/194(III) (erişim tarihi: 12/09/2022).
  • United Nations (1945, 26 Haziran). Charter of the United Nations. New York: United Nations.
  • Victor Kattan (2009). From Coexistence to Conquest: International Law and the Origins of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1891–1949. London: Pluto Press.
  • Wilde, R. (2021). Using the Master's Tools to Dismantle the Master's House: International Law and Palestinian Liberation. The Palestine Yearbook of International Law, cilt 22(1), 1-74.
Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies-Cover
  • ISSN: 1367-1936
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 2 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 1997
  • Yayıncı: Beytülmakdis Çalışmaları Vakfı
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Uluslararası Hukuk Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler’in Batı ve Doğu Kudüs’ün İsrail Tarafından İşgaline Yönelik Tutumu

Berdal ARAL

BM Kararlarında Belirtildiği Şekliyle Kudüs

Mohammed ABU OUN