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• Ibn Khaldun (1 978), The Muqaddimah (An Introduction to History), translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, abridged and edited by N.J.Dawiid, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul in association with Secker and Warburg, p.ix. (Hereinafter cited as: Ibn Khaldlin, The Muqaddimah).
• Donner, Fred McGraw ( 1 98 1), The Early Muslim Conquests, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p.273 . {Hereinafter cited as: Donner, The Early Muslim Conquests).
• Rosser-Owen, Dawiid G. ( 1 976), Social Change in Islam - The Progressive Dimension, Slough Berks, UK: The Open Press Limited, p. 19.
• Ibid.
• Parvez, Building a New Society, op. cit.,
• al-Tel, The First Muslim Conquest, op.cit., p. 257. Armstrong, Karen (1 997a), A History of Jerusalem: One City Three Faiths, London: Harper Collins Publishers, p.246. (Hereinafter cited as: Armstrong, Karen, A History of Jerusalem)
• Maher Younes Abfi Munshar (2003), A Historical Study of Muslim Treatment of Christians in Islamicjerusalem at The Time ofcUmar Ibn Al-Khattab and Salah al-Dfn with Special Reference to Muslim Value of Justice, unpublished, PhD, Thesis under Islamicjerusalem Studies, Al-Maktoum Institute for Arabic and Muslim Studies, University of Abertay Dundee, p. 125.
• Thn Sacd, al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, op. cit. , vol. 1(2) p. 75. Grabar, Oleg (1 996), The Shape of The Holy: Early Islamicjerusalem, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
• Salibi, Syria Under Islam, op.cit., p. 22. Al-BaladhiirI also mentioned that Muslim rulers continued to pay attention to fortifying the Mediterranean Coast area and stationing military garrisons there for a long time after 'Umar's era. See also Al-BaladhiirI, Futah al-Buldan, op.cit
• Linder, Amnon ( 1 996), 'Christian Communities in Jerusalem', in The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period, 638-1099, eds. Joshua Prawer and Haggai Ben-Shammai, New York and Jerusalem: New York University Press and Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi, p. 1 2 1 - 1 22. (Hereinafter after as: Linder, Christian Communities)
• al-YacqiibI, Ahmad Ibn Abi Ya cqiib Ibn Jacfar Ibn AbI Wadih ( 1 89 1), Kitab al-Buldan, ed. M.Y.D. Goyge, Leiden.
• Linder, Christian Communities, op.cit.
• Smith, William Walter ( 1 9 1 2), Students ' Illustrated Historical Geography of The Holy Land, Philadelphia: The Sunday School Times Company
• Avi-Yonah, Michael (2002), The Holy Land: A Historical Geography from the Persian to the Arab Conquest 536 B. C. to A.D. 640, Jerusalem: Carta, p.220 (Hereinafter cited as: A vi-Yonah, The Holy Land)
• al-Zarqa', Mustafa Ahmad, The Muslim Concept of Worship, in Islam: Its Meaning and Message, ed. Khurshid Ahmad (1 992), Leicester: The Muslim Foundation
• Blad, Amikam ( 1995), Medieval Jerusalem and Muslim Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage, New York: E.J. Brill, p. 29. (Hereinfter cited as: Blad, Medieval Jerusalem)
• al-Ratrout, Haythem F. (2004), The Architectural Development of alAqsa Mosque in the Early Muslim Period: Sacred Architecture in The Shape of 'The Holy ', Dundee: Al-Maktoum lnstitute Academic Press, p. 22 1 . (Hereinafter cited as: al-Ratrout, The Architectural Development)