Gediz Vadisinde Erken Pleistosen Dönemi Sualtı Volkanizması: Kavtepe - Kula Volkanik Yöresi

Dünya üzerinde volkanizmanın oldukça önemli bir kısmı okyanus diplerinde meydana gelmesine rağmen sualtı volkanizma araştırmaları oldukça sınırlı kalmıştır. Bununla birlikte özellikle son dönemlerde deniz dibi jeomorfolojisi ile ilgili araştırmalarda önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmesi bu gizemli alanın önceden tahmin edilemeyen özelliklerinin de belirlenmesine yardımcı olmuştur. Gerçekten de bugün için okyanus ortası sırtlarında bulunan volkanların yeryüzündeki volkanların yaklaşık olarak %75 ini oluşturduğu bilinmektedir. Hernekadar su altı volkanlarının önemli bir kısmı derin deniz ve okyanus tabanların yer alsalar da bunların bazıları ise sığ deniz alanları ile göl ortamlarında da yer almaktadırlar. Dünya üzerinde karasal volkanizmanın oluşum süreçleri, ürünleri ve ortaya çıkan şekiller çok iyi bilinmesine rağmen denizaltı veya sualtı volkanizmasına ilişkin bilgilerimiz oldukça yenidir. Bu durumun temel nedeni sualtı volkanizmasına ilişkin birçok sürecin kolaylıkla gözlemlenememesidir. Yakın bir zamana kadar, sualtı volkanizmasına ilişkin bilgilerimizin önemli bir kısmı geçmiş volkanizmaların izleri üzerine yorumlama ile elde edilmektedir. Bu yönüyle Kula yöresi gerek karasal volkanizma gerekse sınırlı bir alanda gerçeklemiş olsa bile su altı volkanizması açısından yer tarihinin önemli delillerini barındırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Erken Pleistosen döneminde Kula’da paleo-Gediz nehri üzerinde oluşan lav seti gölü (paleo-göl) içerisinde meydana gelen su altı volkanizması ve buna bağlı oluşan volkanik şekillerin oluşumunun jeomorfolojik delillerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada uzun yıllardan beri yörede yürütülmekte olan projelerimizin arazi bulgularından yararlanılmıştır. Çeşitli stratigrafik birimlerin yaş bilgileri ise söz konusu projelerin yaşlandırma analizlerinden veya alana ilişkin literatürden temin edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında Kavtepe’nin yörede yaygın görülen Miyosen yaşlı sedimanter birimleri kesip çıkan bir volkanik çıkış merkezi, volkan bacası olduğu; Kavtepe volkanizmasının iki evrede gerçekleştiği, başlangıçta volkanizmanın Paleo-Gediz vadisine yakın bir yerde başladığı ve açığa çıkan lavların Paleo-Gediz’in VI. taraçasını kısmen örttüğü belirlenmiştir. Volkanizmanın ikinci evresinin ise Akçeme volkanının Gediz Nehrini bloke ettikten sonra oluşan paleogöl içerisinde gerçekleştiği ve ikinci evrede açığa çıkan lavların, doğrudan su ile temas ederek yastık lava dönüştüğü tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Gediz, Sualtı volkanizması, Yastık lav, Kula-Salihli Jeoparkı, Ege Bölgesi

Subaqueous Volcanism in The Early Pleistocene Period in Gediz Valley: Kavtepe - Kula Volcanic Province

Most volcanism on Earth occurs beneath the oceans, but underwater volcanoes are difficult to study. So the number of studies that are related to submarine volcanism are limited. Recent advances in the study of geomorphology of sea floor have revealed up an unprecedented view of mystery on the seabed. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. Although most submarine volcanoes are located in the depths of seas and oceans, some also exist in shallow water of seas and lakes. Although the formation processes, products and emerging shapes of terrestrial volcanism are well known, our knowledge about submarine or underwater volcanism is quite new and pretty insufficient. The main reason for this is that many processes related to underwater volcanism cannot easily be observed. Until recently, an important oart of our knowledge was obtained by interpreting traces of past volcanisms. In this regard, the Kula volcanic region contains some important historical evidence of both terrestrial volcanism as well as underwater volcanism even if it occurred in a limited area. This study aims to investigate geomorphological evidence of the occurence of a volcanism taken place underwater in an Early Pleistocene lava dam lake in the Paleo Gediz Valley in the Kula volcanic region. In this study, we benefited from the results of datas and observations of our geomorphological projects that have been carried out in the region for many years. The age data of various stratigraphic units and lavas were obtained from the age analysis of the projects in question or from the relavent literature on the field.The findings reveal that Kartepe is in fact a typical volcanic chimney or a cone which was formed as a volcano erupted out of the Miocene sedimentary units common in the region. Kartepe volcanism took place in two phases, initially it erupted close to the Paleo-Gediz valley and partly burried the Terrace VI of Paleo-Gediz. The second phase took place in the lake formed as a result of eruption of Akçeme volcano blocking the Gediz River in downstream reach. It was found that the lava errupted in this second phase turned into pillow lava by directly contacting with water.

Keywords:

Gediz, Subaqueous Volcanism, Pillow Lava, Kula - Salihli Geopark, Aegean Region of Turkey,

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