Majid SHAKERI, Ehsan OSKOUEIAN, Pardis NAJAFI

Impact of Diet Supplemented by Coconut Milk on Corticosterone and Acute Phase Protein Level under High Stocking Density

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of coconut milk supplementation on corticosterone and acute phase protein level under high stocking density. A total 300 Cobb 500 male chicks were placed in cages and stocked as 10 birds/cage (normal stocking density) and 15 birds/cage (high stocking density). The treatments were as (i) control diet and stocked at 10 and 15 birds/cage (ii) control diet + 3% coconut milk from 1-42 day and stocked at 10 and 15 birds/cage (iii) control diet + 5% coconut milk from 1-42 day and stocked at 10 and 15 birds/cage. On day 42, 20 birds per treatment were slaughtered to collect blood samples. The results showed higher level of corticosterone and acute phase protein level in control diet compare to other supplemented diets with coconut milk. In conclusion, coconut milk decreased the level of corticosterone and acute phase protein when chicks were subjected to high stocking density.

PDF

___

Arora, R., Chawla, R., Marwash, R., Arora, P., Sharma, R.K., Kaushik, V., 2011. Potential of complementary and alternative medicine in preventive management of novel H1N1 flu (Swine flu) pandemic: thwarting potential disasters in the Bud. Evid-Based Complement Alternative Medicine 1-16.
Arumughan, C., Balachandran, C., Sundaresan, A., 1993. Development of a process for coconut cream on commercial scale. Journal of Food Science and Technology, India 30, 95-100.
Beloor, J., Kang, H.K., Kim, Y.J., Subramani, V.K., Jang, I.S., Sohn, S.H., Moon, Y. S., 2010. The effect of stocking density on stress related genes and telomeric length in broiler chickens. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 23(4), 437-443.
Bessei, W., 2006. Welfare of broilers: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 62 (3), 455-466.
Buyse, J., Swennen, Q., Niewold, T.A., Klasing, K.C., Janssens, G.P.J., Baumgartner, M., Goddeeris, B.M., 2007. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation enhances the lipopolysaccharide-induced acute phase protein response in broiler chickens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 118 (1), 154-159.
Capulso, S.A., Gonzales, A.L., Celestino, V.G., 1981. Studies on the isolation and functional characteristics of protein from coconut skim milk. Philippine Journal of Science 110 (1/2), 25-32.
Cravener, T.L., Roush, W.B., Mashaly, M.M., 1992. Broiler production under varying population densities. Poultry Science 71 (3), 427-433.
Dawkins, M.S., 2003. Behaviour as a tool in the assessment of animal welfare. Zoology 106 (4), 383-387.
Enig, M.G., 1998. Lauric oils as antimicrobial agents: theory of effect, scientific rationale, and dietary applications as adjunct nutritional support for HIV-infected individuals. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 81-97.
Estevez, I., 2007. Density allowances for broilers: where to set the limits? Poultry Science 86 (6), 1265-1272.
Feddes, J.J., Emmanuel, E.J., Zuidhoft, M.J., 2002. Broiler performance, body weight variance, feed and water intake, and carcass quality at different stocking densities. Poultry Science 81 (6), 774-779.
Georgieva, T.M., Koinarski, V.N., Urumova, V.S., Marutsov, P.D., Christov, T.T., Nikolov, J., Georgiev, I.P., 2010. Effects of Escherichia coli infection and Eimeria tenella invasion on blood concentrations of some positive acute phase proteins (haptoglobin (PIT 54), fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin) in chickens. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire 161 (2), 84-89.
Gómez, F., Camps, J., Simó, J.M., Ferré, N., Joven, J., 2000. Agreement study of methods based on the elimination principle for the measurement of LDL-and HDL- cholesterol compared with ultracentrifugation in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clinical Chemistry 46 (8), 1188-1191.
Gruys, E., Toussaint, M.J.M., Upragarin, N., Van Ederen, A.M., Adewuyi, A.A., Candiani, D., Sabeckiene, J., 2005. Acute phase reactants, challenge in the near future of animal production and veterinary medicine. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 6 (10), 941-947.
Heckert, R.A., Estevez, I., Russek-Cohen, E., Pettit-Riley, R., 2002. Effects of density and perch availability on the immune status of broilers. Poultry Science 81 (4), 451- 457.
Holt, P.S., Gast, R.K., 2002. Comparison of the effects of infection with Salmonella enteritidis, in combination with an induced molt, on serum levels of the acute phase protein, alpha1 acid glycoprotein, in hens. Poultry Science 81 (9), 1295-1300.
Imaeda, N., 2000. Influence of the stocking density and rearing season on incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 79 (2), 201-204.
Intahphuak, S., Khonsung, P., Panthong, A., 2010. Anti- inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Pharmaceutical Biology 48 (2), 151- 157.
Kwiterovich, P.O., 2000. The metabolic pathways of high- density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides: a current review. The American Journal of Cardiology 86 (12), 5-10.
Lin, H., Sui, S.J., Jiao, H.C., Buyse, J., Decuypere, E., 2006. Impaired development of broiler chickens by stress mimicked by corticosterone exposure. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology Part:A Molecular Integrative Physiology 143, 400-405.
Mensink, R.P., Zock, P.L., Kester, A.D., Katan, M.B., 2003. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (5), 1146-1155.
Mepba, H.D., Achinewhu, S.C., 2003. Effects of processing on protein nutritive quality of coconut Cocos nucifera products. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 58 (1), 15- 25.
Morris, M.P., 1993. Effects of different sources and dosages of vitamin A on the immune responses and its mechanism of poultry. Institute of Animal science CAAS Beijing 1990-02 6, 016.
Murata, H., Shimada, N., Yoshioka, M., 2004. Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: an overview. The Veterinary Journal 168 (1), 28-40.
Oyi, A.R., Onaolapo, J.A., Obi, R.C., 2010. Formulation and antimicrobial studies of coconut (Cocos nucifera Linne) oil. Research Journal of Applied Science Engineering Technology 2 (2), 133-137.
Pineiro, M., Pineiro, C., Carpintero, R., Morales, J., Campbell, F.M., Eckersall, P.D., Lampreave, F., 2007. Characterisation of the pig acute phase protein response to road transport. The Veterinary Journal 173 (3), 669-674.
Sandilands, V., Tolkamp, B.J., Savory, C.J., Kyriazakis, I., 2006. Behaviour and welfare of broiler breeders fed qualitatively restricted diets during rearing: Are there viable alternatives to quantitative restriction? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96, 53-67.
Sapolsky, R.M., Romero, L.M., Munck, A.U., 2000. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews 21 (1), 55-89.
SAS, S., Guide, S.U.S., 2003. Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. St-Onge, M.P., Jones, P.J., 2002. Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity. The Journal of Nutrition 132 (3), 329-332.
Sunderman, F.W., Nomoto, S., 1970. Measurement of human serum ceruloplasmin by its p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity. Clinical Chemistry 16 (11), 903-910.
Thaxton, J.P., Dozier, W.A., Branton, S.L., Morgan, G.W., Miles, D.W., Roush, W.B., Vizzier-Thaxton, Y., 2006. Stocking density and physiological adaptive responses of broilers. Poultry Science 85 (5), 819-824. T
Türkyilmaz, M.K., 2008. The effect of stocking density on stress reaction in broiler chickens during summer. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 32 (1), 31- 36.
Vachon, P., Moreau, J.P., 2001. Serum corticosterone and blood glucose in rats after two jugular vein blood sampling methods: comparison of the stress response. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 40 (5), 22-24.
Vigila, A.G., Baskaran, X., 2008. Immunomodulatory effect of coconut protein on cyclophosphamide induced immune suppressed Swiss Albino mice. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12, 1206-1212.
Winarsi, H., Hernayanti, Purwanto, A., 2008. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) enrich with Zn as immunostimulator for vaginal Candidiasis patient. Hayati Journal of Bioscience 15 (4), 135-139.