Suriyeli Mültecilerin Esnaflşmasını Anlamada Bourdieucu Yaklaşımın Olanakları

Bu çalışmada mültecilerin esnaflşmasında karşılaştıları sorunları anlamak için kullanılan kuramsalçerçevelerin, bütüncül bir bakış açısı sağlayamadığı, karşılaştıları zorluklardaki dinamikleri ve baş etmestratejilerini anlamakta yetersiz kaldığı iddia edilip, bu bağlamda Bourdieu sosyolojisinin kavramlarının sosyalaraştımacılara ne gibi olanaklar sağladığı araştıılmaktadır. Mülteci esnaflşmasında karşılaşılan dinamiklerinaydınlatımasında daha bütüncül, ilişkisel bir bakış açısı Bourdieucu yaklaşımın alan kuramıyla sağlanabilirmi sorusunu tartımaya açmak çalışmanın temel amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’de yaşayanmültecilerin esnaflşmasının dinamiklerini anlamak için Bourdieu sosyolojisinin kavramları işlemselleştiilerekvarolan göçmen/mülteci girişimcilik yazınındaki boşlukların Bourdieu’nun çok katmanlı ilişkisel kavramlarıile kapatıması hedeflmektedir. Dolayısıyla sosyal araştımacılara mülteci esnaflrın yaşadıkları sorunlarıanlamada kullanabilecekleri kuramsal bir alet çantası sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Göçmen girişimcilik literatürüüç ana başlık etrafıda değerlendirilecekti. Bunlar, fail merkezli teoriler kültürelcilik ve ulusüstücülük, yapısalcıteori ve sosyal gömülme teorileri olarak gruplandırılacaktı. Farklı analiti araçların ve teorilerin odaklandığıtemalar değerlendirilip teorilerdeki boşluklar vurgulanacaktı. Bourdieucu yaklaşımın ilişkisel kavramlarıtartıılacaktı. Son olarak, bahsi geçen kavramlar işlemselleştiilerek mülteci esnaflrın yaşadıkları sorunlarıanlamada kullanılabilecek kavramsal çerçeve sunulacaktı.

Opportunitis for Understanding Syrian Refugees’ Entrepreneurship in Turkey Using the Bourdieusian Approach

This study shows that existig theoretial approaches in understanding migrant small-business ownership do not provide a composite, multilayered framework. The dynamics of hardship faced by Syrian refugees and Syrian survival strategies are asserted to be unable to be fully understood through existig theoretial approaches. The existig literature on refugee-owned small businesses is discussed under three groupings: agency-oriented theories, structuralism, and the mixed approaches of embeddedness. This paper adopts a Bourdieusian approach to exploring the opportunitis provided by Bourdieusian sociology in understanding the multilayered dynamics of Syrian entrepreneurship. The main research questins of the paper are as follows: What are the possible opportunitis in Bourdieu’s concepts for shedding light on Syrian small-business ownership? Does Bourdieusian fild theory provide a composite, relatinal approach in understanding Syrian refugee small-business ownership? In so doing, the multilayered and relatinal concepts of Bourdieusian sociology are operatinalized in order to fil in the gaps within the existig literature on migrant/refugee entrepreneurship. This paper provides researchers with a toolkit for working on migrant/refugee smallbusiness ownership and contains fie sectins. The fist sectin sets the aim and methodology of the study. The second sectin discusses the analytial models for understanding migrant entrepreneurship. The third sectin elaborates on the theoretial approaches that shed light on migrant entrepreneurship. These last two sectins critially engage with these models and theoretial approaches by showing the gaps within them. The fourth sectin sets out the Bourdieusian approach and operatinalizes his concepts into the research area of Syrian small-business ownership in Turkey. The paper concludes with key research fidings and implicatins for researchers and practiiners.

PDF

___

Adıgüzel, Y. (2013). Dayanışma ağları üzerinden Eskişehir’de siyaset ve göçmenlik algısı. Sosyoloji Dergisi, 2, 73–94.
Altinay, L., & Altinay, E. (2006). Determinants of ethnic minority entrepreneurial growth in the catering sector. The Service Industries Journal, 6, 203–221.
Aldrich, H., Cater, J., & Jones, T. (1981). Business development and self-segregation: Asian enterprise in three British cities. In C. Robinson, V. Smith, & S. Peach (Eds.), Ethnic segregation in cities (pp. 170–190). London, UK: Croom Helm.
Ataş, Ö. (2017). Suriyeli sığınmacıların iş kurma süreci: Laleli Beyazıt çevresi (Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, İstanbul). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
Bakioğlu, A. Artar, F., & İzmir, H. (2018). Ankarada’daki Suriyelilerin mültecilik deneyimleri: Göç, gündelik yaşam, geçim deneyimleri ve sosyal dışlanma. Ankara: Ankara Sosyoloji Derneği.
Basch, L. G., Glick-Schiller, N., & Szanton-Blanc, C. (1994). Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
Basu, A., & Altınay, E. (2002). The ınteraction between culture and entrepreneurship in London’s ımmigrant business. International Small Business Journal, 20, 371–394.
Bonacich, E. (1973). A theory ofmiddleman minorities. American Sociological Review, 38, 583–594.
Bonacich, E. (1987). ‘Making it’ in America: A social evolution of the ethics of ımmigrant entrepreneurship. Social Perspectives, 30, 446–466
Bonacich, E., & Modell, J. (1980). The economic basis ofethnic solidarity: Small business in the Japanese American community. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.) Handbook oftheory and research for the sociology ofeducation (pp. 46–58). New York, NY: Greenwood.
Bourdieu, P. (1987). What makes a social class? On the theoretical and practical existence ofgroups. Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 32, 1–17.
Bourdieu, P. (1989). Social space and symbolic power. Sociological Theory, 7, 14–25.
Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic ofpractice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (1992). An invitation to reflctive sociology. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Cassarino, J.-P. (1997). The theories ofethnic entrepreneurship, and alternative arguments of social action and network analysis. Florence, Italy: EUISPS Working Papers.
Collins, J. (2000). Ethnicity, gender and Australian entrepreneurs: Rethinking Marxist views on small business. Journal of Social Change and Critical Inquiry, 2, 137–149.
Deniz, D. (2017). Türkiye’deki Suriyeli mülteci girişimcilerin oluşum süreci ve özellikleri (Yüksek lisans tezi, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, Hatay).
Drori, I., & Lerner, M. (2002). The dynamics of limited breaking out: The case of the Arab manufacturing businesses in Israel. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 14, 135– 154.
Emirbayer, M., & Johnson, V. (2008). Bourdieu and organizational analysis. Theory and Society, 37, 1–44.
Engelen, E. (2001). Breaking-in and breaking-out: A Weberian approach to entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27, 203–223.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds ofwelfare capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social foundations ofpostindustrial economies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Gaziantep27. (2017, January 17). 138 korsan Suriyeli berber var. https://www.gaziantep27.net/138- korsan-suriyeli-berber-var-500569h.htm adresinden edinilmiştir.
Gold, S. J. (2010). The store in the hood: A century ofethnic business and conflct. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition ofpostmodernity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Henry, L. (2004). Citizenship, morality and participatory development: The case of Sebat Bet Gurage.
In G. Mohan & S. Hickey (Eds.), Participation from tyranny to transformation (pp. 140–156). London, UK: Zed.
Hürriyet. (2016, 16 Mart). Suriyeli sığınmacılara “seyahat izin belgesi” uygulaması. http://www. hurriyet.com.tr/suriyeli-siginmacilara-seyahat-izin-belgesi-uygulamasi-37259266 adresinden edinilmiştir.
Hürriyet. (2018, 7 Ağustos). İstanbul’da yarı fiyatına Suriyeli berber. http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ istanbulda-yari-fiyatina-suriyeli-berber-40920900 adresinden edinilmiştir.
ILO Türkiye Ofisi. (2016). Suriyeli işçi, işveren ve girişimcileirn işgücü piyasasında karşılaştıkları sornlar ve çözüm önerileri çalıştayı genel değerlendirme. Ankara, Turkey: ILO Türkiye Ofii Çalıştay Raporu.
Karan, O. (2017). Economic survival strategies of Turkish migrants in London. London, UK: Transnational Press London.
Karatas-Ozkan, M., & Chell, E. (2015). Gender ınequalities in academic ınnovation and enterprise: A Bourdieuian analysis. British Journal of Management, 26, 109–125.
Kayalar, M., & Yıldız, S. (2017). Uluslararası göç sonrası ortaya çıkan girişimcilik türleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültei Dergisi, 22, 55–62
Kloosterman, R., & Rath, J. (2001). Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: Mixed embeddedness further explored. Special issue on immigrant entrepreneurship. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27, 189–202
Kloosterman, R., & Rath, J. (2003). Immigrant entrepreneurs: Venturing abroad in the age of globalization. Oxford/New York: Berg.
Kloosterman, R., van der Leun, J., & Rath, J. (1999). Mixed embeddedness, migrant entrepreneurship and informal economic activities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23, 253–267.
Landolt, P. (2001). Salvadoran economic transnationalism: Embedded strategies for household maintenance, ımmigrant ıncorporation and entrepreneurial expansion [Special Issue]. New Research and Theory on Immigrant Transnationalism, 1, 217–242.
Light, I. (1972). Ethnic enterprise in America: Business and welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Light, I., & Bonacich, E. (1988). Immigrant entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA. University of California Press.
Light, I., & Gold, S. J. (2000). Ethnic economies. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
MAKRO Yönetim Geliştirme Danışmanlık Şirketi. (2018). Türkiye’deki göçmen girişimciliği üzerine bir araştırma (Avrupa’daki Vasıfl Göçmenlerin Girişimcilik ve Kurumsal Girişimcilik üzerine Becerilerinin Geliştirilmesi Projesi, Ankara, Turkey).
McEvoy, D., & Hafeez, K. (2009). Ethnic enclaves or middleman minority? Regional patterns of ethnic minority entrepreneurship in Britain. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 3, 94–110.
Min, P. G. (2008). Ethnic solidarity for economic survival: Korean greengrocers in New York City. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Mülteci Derneği. (2019, October 17). Türkiyedeki Suriyeli sayısı Ekim 2019. Retrieved from https:// multeciler.org.tr/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-sayisi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
Özatalay, C. (2012). Ekonomi teorisi ile ilişki içinde Bourdieu: Bir komprodor mu, bir eleştirmen mi? Sosyoloji Dergisi, 25, 57–83.
Özbilgin, M., & Tatlı, A. (2005). Book review essay: Understanding Bourdieu’s contribution to organisation and management studies. Academy of Management Review, 30, 855–877.
Özservet, Y. Ç. (2017). İstanbul’da girişimci göçmenler, 2017. İstanbul, Turkey: Marmara Üniversitesi Kent Sorunları ve Yerel Yönetimler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/ RG.2.2.34018.43201
Pang, C. L., & Rath J. (2006). The force of regulation in the land of the free: The persistence of Chinatown, Washington D.C. as a symbolic ethnic enclave. In M. Lounsbury & M. Ruef (eds.), 2006 Volume of research in the sociology of organizations (pp. 195–220). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Pécoud, A. (2004). Do immigrants have a business culture? The political epistemology of fieldwork in Berlin’s Turkish economy. Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Europe, 4, 19–25.
Portes, A. (2001) Introduction: The debates and signifiance of ımmigrant transnationalism. Global Networks, 1, 181–194.
Portes, A., & Bach, R. L.. (1985). Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Portes, A., & Manning R. D. (1986). The ımmigrant enclave: Theory and empirical examples. In S. Olzak & J. Nagel (Eds.), Competitive Ethnic Relations (pp. 47–68). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Ram, M., & Jones, T. (2008). Ethnic minority business: Review ofresearch and policy. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 26, 352–374.
Rath, J. (2007, January). The transformation ofethnic neighborhoods into places ofleisure and consumption (Working Paper 144). University of San Diego, Center for Comparative Immigration Studies (CCIS), San Diego, CA.
Scarman, L. J. (1981). The Brixton Disorders, 10–12th April. London: HMSO. Siu, P. C. P. (1952) The Sojourner. American Journal of Sociology, 58, 34–44.
Song, M. (1999). Helping out: Children’s labor in ethnic business. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Sputnik Türkiye. (2018, July 5). Suriyeli berberler, yerli esnafı zora soktu. https://tr.sputniknews. com/turkiye/201807051034157316-suriyeli-berber-esnaf/?utm_source=https://t.co/ JpiAGV6230&utm_medium=short_url&utm_content=hXf6&utm_campaign=URL_shortening adresinden edinilmiştir.
Srinivasan, S. (1995). The South Asian petite bourgeoisie in Britain. Aldershot, UK: Avebury.
Tatlı, A., Vassilopoulou, J., & Ozbilgin, M. F. (2014). A Bourdieuan relational perspective for entrepreneurship research. Journal of Small Business Management, 52, 54–69.
Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı. (2018). Syrian entrepreneurship and refugee start-ups in Turkey: Leveraging the Turkish experience. TEPAV. Ankara: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/fies/1566830992-6.TEPAV_and_EBRD___ Syrian_Entrepreneurship_and_Refugee_Start_ups_in_Turkey_Lever....pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
Terjesen, S., & Elam, A. (2009). Transnational entrepreneurs’ venture ınternationalisation strategies: A practice theory approach. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33, 1093–1120.
Terzano, K. R. (2010). Demographic change and neighbourhood satisfaction: The case of Little Italy, Cleveland. Policy & The Environment, 41, 45–50.
Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği. (2019, May). Kurulan/kapanan şirket istatistikleri. http://www. tobb.org.tr/BilgiErisimMudurlugu/Sayfalar/KurulanKapananSirketistatistikleri.php adresinden edinilmiştir.
Volary, T. (2007). Ethnic entrepreneurship: A theoretical framework. In L-P. Dana (Ed.), Handbook ofresearch on ethnic entrepreneurship: A co-evolutionary view on resource management (pp. 30–41). Northampton, VT: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Waldinger, R. (1989). Structural opportunity or ethnic advantage? Immigrant business development in New York. International Migration Review, 23(1), 48–72.
Waldinger, R., Aldrich, H., & Ward, R. (1990). Opportunities, group characteristics, and strategies, In R. Waldinger, H. Aldrich, & R. Ward (Eds.), Ethnic entrepreneurs: Immigrant business in ındustrial societies (pp. 13–48). London, UK: Sage.
Werbner, P. (1984). Business on trust: Pakistani entrepreneurship in the Manchester garment trade. In R. Ward & R. Jenkins (Eds.), Ethnic communities in business: Strategies for economic survival (pp. 1–19). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Werbner, P. (1990). Renewing an industrial past: British Pakistani entrepreneurship in Manchester. Migration, 8, 17–41.
Wilson, K. L., & Portes, A. (1980). Immigrant enclaves: An analysis of the labor market experiences of Cubans in Miami. American Journal of Sociology, 86, 295–319.