Ferhat GÖKBULAK

Selected physical properties of heavily trampled soils on livestock trails

Bu çalışma, otlak alanlarında hayvanların oluşturdukları patikalarda aşırı derecede sıkışma sonucu fiziksel toprak özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimleri ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Toprak örnekleri; her bir alanı temsilen üç tekrarlı tamamen tesadüfi örnekleme deseninde, toplam 36 profilden olmak üzere aşın derecede toprak sıkışmasını temsil etmesi açısından otlak alanlarındaki hayvanların devamlı yol olarak kullandıkları patikalarda ve otlatmanın söz konusu olmadığı korunmuş alanlarda açılan toprak profillerinin 0-10 cm'lik derinlik kademelerinden alınmıştır. Toprak örnekleri üzerinde kum, toz ve kil oranları, 2 mm'den büyük toprak fraksiyonları, kök oranı, dispersiyon oranı, tane yoğunluğu, hacim ağırlığı, toplam boşluk hacmi, permeabilite, nem ekivalanı, maksimum su tutma kapasitesi, pH, elektriki iletkenlik ve organik madde oranı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, her profil noktasında toprak yüzeyindeki sıkışma miktarı ölçülmüştür. Analiz sonuçları, düzensiz ve aşırı otlama faaliyetlerinden dolayı otlak alanlarında meydana gelen toprak sıkışması sonucunda; hacim ağırlığı, toplam boşluk hacmi, maksimum su tutma kapasitesi, nem ekivalanı, permeabilite ve kompaktlaşma gibi toprakların su ekonomisi ile ilgili özelliklerinin olumsuz yönde etkilendiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Otlaklarda, hayvanların geçiş yaptığı aşırı dereced çiğnenmiş güzergahlarda bazı fiziksel toprak özelliklerinin değişimi

The experiment investigated how selected physical soil properties were affected by trampling on compacted livestock trails. Two adjacent sites with similar ecological conditions were choosen as the study area. The control site consisted of an ungrazed exclosure. The other site was a heavily grazed range site with compacted trails. The range site has been grazed heavily by sheep and water buffalo, while the exclosure has been protected from grazing for decades. The experiment used a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance. Soil core samples were collected from 36 soil profiles at the 0-10 cm depth in each treatment site. The soil samples were examined for soil texture, percentages of v fine (5 mm) soil fractions, percentage of root mass, dispersion ratio, particle density, bulk density, total porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturation capacity, moisture equivalent, pH, electrical conductivity, and organic matter. Additionally, soil compaction was determined using a pocket penetrometer at the soil surface of each soil profile before the collection of samples. Heavy trampling reduced saturation capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, moisture content at the field capacity, and porosity but increased soil bulk density and compaction on the trails.

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