Gamze ÇAMLIK, Yıldız ÖZSOY, İsmail Tuncer DEĞİM

A smarter, tactical approach for combating Covid-19

As human beings, we communicate with each other just like other creatures. In the same way we need to communicate, COV- ID-19 has to communicate with other viruses. Following the latest Pandemic, combating COVID-19 has become a major need today. Several theories are being formulated and tested for the efficient prevention and treatment of the virus. Vaccination is the ultimate solution but access to the vaccine and getting vaccinated is limited. The purpose of this review paper is to present a new approach. This approach is based on the Quorum sensing of viruses like bacteria. Bacteria use this for communication and it has recently been proven for viruses too. It can be used as a new way or strategy to stop viral communication, therefore restricting the viral spread will possibly help people around the world or reduce the disease’s side effects. This new tactic in- volves the use of functionalized Quantum dots nanoparticles, and when they are coupled with carbon atoms and put to use in different delivery forms, these will be useful for maximum efficacy. The use of carbon quantum dots can be useful to minimize certain possible toxic effects. This may be greatly enhanced by doping boron atoms to the structure to trigger their synergistic effects. We suggest here that the inhaler form of this proposed drug delivery system should simultaneously provide a fairly high efficiency and a less toxic solution.

Keywords:

Quorum sensing, viral communication quantum dots, carbon quantum dots, pulmonar drug delivery,

PDF

___

Arumugam, S. S., & Malaichamy, I. (2015). Comprehensive mul- tispectroscopic analysis on the interaction and corona forma- tion of human serum albumin with gold/silver alloy nanopar- ticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 119, 9461-9476. https://doi. org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b00436
Arumugam, S. S., & Malaichamy, I. (2015). Comprehensive mul- tispectroscopic analysis on the interaction and corona forma- tion of human serum albumin with gold/silver alloy nanopar- ticles. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 119, 9461-9476. https://doi. org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b00436
Bi, J., Li, Y., Wang, H., Song, Y., Cong, S., Yu, C., Zhu, B. W., & Tan, M. (2017). Presence and formation mechanism of foodborne carbo- naceous nanostructures from roasted pike eel (Muraenesox ci- nereus). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 2862-2869. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02303
Bi, J., Li, Y., Wang, H., Song, Y., Cong, S., Yu, C., Zhu, B. W., & Tan, M. (2017). Presence and formation mechanism of foodborne carbo- naceous nanostructures from roasted pike eel (Muraenesox ci- nereus). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 2862-2869. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02303
Bourlinos, A. B., Trivizas, G., Karakassides, M. A., Baikousi, M., Kou- loumpis, A., Gournis, D., Bakandritsos, A., Hola, K., Kozak, O., Zbo- ril, R., Papagiannouli, I., Aloukos, P., & Couris, S. (2015). Green and simple route toward boron doped carbon dots with significantly enhanced non-linear optical properties. Carbon, 83, 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.032
Bourlinos, A. B., Trivizas, G., Karakassides, M. A., Baikousi, M., Kou- loumpis, A., Gournis, D., Bakandritsos, A., Hola, K., Kozak, O., Zbo- ril, R., Papagiannouli, I., Aloukos, P., & Couris, S. (2015). Green and simple route toward boron doped carbon dots with significantly enhanced non-linear optical properties. Carbon, 83, 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.11.032
Carnes, E. C., Lopez, D. M., Donegan, N. P., Cheung, A., Gresham, H., & Timmins, G.S. (2010). Confinement-induced quorum sensing of individual Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Nature Chemical Biol- ogy, 6(1), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/nCHeMBIO.264
Carnes, E. C., Lopez, D. M., Donegan, N. P., Cheung, A., Gresham, H., & Timmins, G.S. (2010). Confinement-induced quorum sensing of individual Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Nature Chemical Biol- ogy, 6(1), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/nCHeMBIO.264
Chen, D., Ganesh, S., Wang, W., & Amiji, M. M. (2017). Plasma pro- tein adsorption and biological identity of systemically adminis- tered nanoparticles. Nanomedicine, 12, 2113-2135. https://doi. org/10.2217/nnm-2017-0178
Chen, D., Ganesh, S., Wang, W., & Amiji, M. M. (2017). Plasma pro- tein adsorption and biological identity of systemically adminis- tered nanoparticles. Nanomedicine, 12, 2113-2135. https://doi. org/10.2217/nnm-2017-0178
Chen, D., Ganesh, S., Wang, W., & Amiji, M. M. (2019). Role of sur- face chemistry on serum protein corona-mediated cellular de- livery and gene silencing with lipid nanoparticles. Nanoscale, 11, 8760-8775. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR09855G
Chen, D., Ganesh, S., Wang, W., & Amiji, M. M. (2019). Role of sur- face chemistry on serum protein corona-mediated cellular de- livery and gene silencing with lipid nanoparticles. Nanoscale, 11, 8760-8775. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NR09855G
Degim, I.T. & Kadioglu, D. (2013). Cheap, Suitable, Predictable and Manageable Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Quantum Dots, Current Drug Delivery, 10(1), 32-38.
Degim, I.T. & Kadioglu, D. (2013). Cheap, Suitable, Predictable and Manageable Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Quantum Dots, Current Drug Delivery, 10(1), 32-38.
Dietrich, L. E., Price-Whelan, A., Petersen, A., Whiteley, M., & New- man, D. K. (2006). The phenazine pyocyanin is a terminal signal- ing factor in the quorum sensing network of Pseudomonas ae- ruginosa. Molecular Microbiology, 61(5), 1308–1321. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05306.x
Dietrich, L. E., Price-Whelan, A., Petersen, A., Whiteley, M., & New- man, D. K. (2006). The phenazine pyocyanin is a terminal signal- ing factor in the quorum sensing network of Pseudomonas ae- ruginosa. Molecular Microbiology, 61(5), 1308–1321. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05306.x
Dolgin, E. (2019). The secret social lives of viruses. Na- ture, 570(7761), 290-292.
Dolgin, E. (2019). The secret social lives of viruses. Na- ture, 570(7761), 290-292.
Duncan, T. V. (2011). The communication challenges presented by nanofoods. Nature Nanotechnology, 6, 683-688.
Duncan, T. V. (2011). The communication challenges presented by nanofoods. Nature Nanotechnology, 6, 683-688.
Erez, Z., Steinberger-Levy, I., Shamir, M., Doron, S., Stokar-Avihail, A., Peleg, Y., Melamed, S., Leavitt, A., Savidor, A., Albeck, S., Amita, G. & Sorek, R. (2017). Nature, 541, 488–493. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nature21049
Erez, Z., Steinberger-Levy, I., Shamir, M., Doron, S., Stokar-Avihail, A., Peleg, Y., Melamed, S., Leavitt, A., Savidor, A., Albeck, S., Amita, G. & Sorek, R. (2017). Nature, 541, 488–493. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nature21049
Ghaderi, S., Ramesh, B. & Seifalian, A.M. (2011). Fluorescence nanoparticles “quantum dots” as drug delivery system and their toxicity: a review. Journal of Drug Targeting, 19(7), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.3109/1061186X.2010.526227
Girma, W.M., Fahmi, M.Z., Permadi, A., Abate, M.A. & Chang, J.Y (2017). Synthetic strategies and biomedical applications of I-III-VI ternary quantum dots. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 5(31), 6193- 6216. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01156C
Girma, W.M., Fahmi, M.Z., Permadi, A., Abate, M.A. & Chang, J.Y (2017). Synthetic strategies and biomedical applications of I-III-VI ternary quantum dots. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 5(31), 6193- 6216. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01156C
Hu, W., Peng, C., Lv, M., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, N., Fan, C. & Huang, Q. (2011). Protein corona-mediated mitigation of cytotoxicity of gra- phene oxide. ACS Nano, 5(5), 3693-3700. https://doi.org/10.1021/ nn200021j
Hu, W., Peng, C., Lv, M., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, N., Fan, C. & Huang, Q. (2011). Protein corona-mediated mitigation of cytotoxicity of gra- phene oxide. ACS Nano, 5(5), 3693-3700. https://doi.org/10.1021/ nn200021j
Huang, R., Carney, R. P., Ikuma, K., Stellacci, F. & Lau, B. L. T. (2014). Effects of surface compositional and structural heterogeneity on nanoparticle protein interactions: Different protein configurations. ACS Nano, 8(6), 5402-5412. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn501203k
Jiang, Q., Chen, J., Yang, C., Yin, Y. & Yao, K. (2019). Quo- rum Sensing: A Prospective Therapeutic Target for Bacterial Diseases. BioMed Research International, 7, 1-15. https://doi. org/10.1155/2019/2015978
Jiang, Q., Chen, J., Yang, C., Yin, Y. & Yao, K. (2019). Quo- rum Sensing: A Prospective Therapeutic Target for Bacterial Diseases. BioMed Research International, 7, 1-15. https://doi. org/10.1155/2019/2015978
Kandasamy, G. (2019). Recent Advancements in Doped/Co-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Multi-Potential Applications. Journal of Carbon Research, 5, 24-42. http://doi.org/10.3390/c5020024
Kirtley, M. (2020, May). What is the size of the Covid-19 virus [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the- size-of-the-Covid-19-virus
Kirtley, M. (2020, May). What is the size of the Covid-19 virus [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the- size-of-the-Covid-19-virus
Li, Z. & Knetsch, M. (2018). Antibacterial strategies for wound dressing: preventing infection and stimulating healing. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 24(8), 936–951. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180213141109
Lim, S.Y., Shen, W. & Gao, Z. (2014). Carbon quantum dots and their applications. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 44, 362-381. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CS00269E
Loczechin, A., Séron, K., Barras, A., Giovanelli, E., Belouzard, S., Chen, Y., Metzler-Nolte, N., Boukherroub, R. & Dubuisson, J. (2019). Functional Carbon Quantum Dots as Medical Countermeasures to Human Coronavirus. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 11(46), 42964−42974. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b15032
Martin,, L., Johannes, S., Tommy, C., Tord, B. R., Flanagan, M. B., Iseult,, L., Giuliano, E. & Kenneth, D. (2011). The evolution of the protein corona around nanoparticles: A test study. ACS Nano, 5(9), 7503-7509. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn202458g
Nayak, P. S., Borah, S. M., Gogoi, H., Asthana, S., Bhatnagar, R., Jha A. N. & Jha, S. (2019). Lactoferrin adsorption onto silver nanoparticle interface: Implications of corona on protein con- formation, nanoparticle cytotoxicity and the formulation adju- vanticity. Chemical Engineering Journal, 361, 470-484. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.084
Nayak, P. S., Borah, S. M., Gogoi, H., Asthana, S., Bhatnagar, R., Jha A. N. & Jha, S. (2019). Lactoferrin adsorption onto silver nanoparticle interface: Implications of corona on protein con- formation, nanoparticle cytotoxicity and the formulation adju- vanticity. Chemical Engineering Journal, 361, 470-484. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.084
Pearson, J. P., Pesci, E. C. & Iglewski, B. H. (1997). Roles of Pseu- domonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in control of elastase and rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes. Journal of Bacteriology, 179(18), 5756–5767. https://doi.org /10.1128/ jb.179.18.5756-5767.1997
Pearson, J. P., Pesci, E. C. & Iglewski, B. H. (1997). Roles of Pseu- domonas aeruginosa las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in control of elastase and rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes. Journal of Bacteriology, 179(18), 5756–5767. https://doi.org /10.1128/ jb.179.18.5756-5767.1997
Shivaji, K., Mani, S., Ponmurugan, P., Castro, C.S., Davies, M.L., Bala- subramanian M.G. & Pitchaimuthu S. (2018). Green-Synthesis- Derived CdS Quantum Dots Using Tea Leaf Extract: Antimicro- bial, Bioimaging, and Therapeutic Application in Lung Cancer Cells. ACS Applied.Nano Materials, 1(4), 1683-1693. https://doi. org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00147
Shivaji, K., Mani, S., Ponmurugan, P., Castro, C.S., Davies, M.L., Bala- subramanian M.G. & Pitchaimuthu S. (2018). Green-Synthesis- Derived CdS Quantum Dots Using Tea Leaf Extract: Antimicro- bial, Bioimaging, and Therapeutic Application in Lung Cancer Cells. ACS Applied.Nano Materials, 1(4), 1683-1693. https://doi. org/10.1021/acsanm.8b00147
Song, Y., Wu,, Y., Wang, H., Liu, S., Song, L., Li, S. & Tan, M. (2019). Car- bon quantum dots from roasted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Formation, biodistribution and cytotoxicity. Food Chemistry, 293, 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.017
Song, Y., Wu,, Y., Wang, H., Liu, S., Song, L., Li, S. & Tan, M. (2019). Car- bon quantum dots from roasted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Formation, biodistribution and cytotoxicity. Food Chemistry, 293, 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.017
Song, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Liu,, S., Song, L., Li, S. & Tan, M. (2020). Protein corona formation of human serum albumin with carbon quantum dots from roasted salmon. Food & Function, 11(3), 2358- 2367. http://doi.org/10.1039/C9FO02967B
Song, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Liu,, S., Song, L., Li, S. & Tan, M. (2020). Protein corona formation of human serum albumin with carbon quantum dots from roasted salmon. Food & Function, 11(3), 2358- 2367. http://doi.org/10.1039/C9FO02967B
Turner, P. E. & Chao, L. (1999). Nature, 398, 441–443. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/18913
Turner, P. E. & Chao, L. (1999). Nature, 398, 441–443. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/18913
Van Delden, C., Pesci, E. C., Pearson, J. P., & Iglewski, B. H. (1998). Starvation selection restores elastase and rhamnolipid produc- tion in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing mutant. In- fection and Immunity, 66(9), 4499–4502. http://doi.org/10.1128/ IAI.66.9.4499-4502.1998
Van Delden, C., Pesci, E. C., Pearson, J. P., & Iglewski, B. H. (1998). Starvation selection restores elastase and rhamnolipid produc- tion in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing mutant. In- fection and Immunity, 66(9), 4499–4502. http://doi.org/10.1128/ IAI.66.9.4499-4502.1998
Xu, W., Dong, S., Han, Y., Li, S. & Liu, Y. (2018) Hydrogels as antibac- terial biomaterials. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 24(8), 843–854. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180213122953
Xu, W., Dong, S., Han, Y., Li, S. & Liu, Y. (2018) Hydrogels as antibac- terial biomaterials. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 24(8), 843–854. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180213122953
Yan, Y., Gause, K. T., Kamphuis, M. M. J., Ang, C., O’Brien-Simpson, N. M., Lenzo, J. C., Reynolds, E. C., Nice, E. C. & Frank, C. (2013). Differential roles of the protein corona in the cellular uptake of nanoporous polymer particles by monocyte and macrophage cell lines. ACS Nano, 7(12), 10960-10970. https://doi.org/10.1021/ nn404481f
Yan, Y., Gause, K. T., Kamphuis, M. M. J., Ang, C., O’Brien-Simpson, N. M., Lenzo, J. C., Reynolds, E. C., Nice, E. C. & Frank, C. (2013). Differential roles of the protein corona in the cellular uptake of nanoporous polymer particles by monocyte and macrophage cell lines. ACS Nano, 7(12), 10960-10970. https://doi.org/10.1021/ nn404481f
Yarwood, J. M., Bartels, D. J., Volper, E. M. & Greenberg, E. P. (2004). Quorum sensing in staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Journal of Bacteriology, 186(6), 1838–1850. http://doi.org/10.1128/ JB.186.6.1838-1850.2004
Yarwood, J. M., Bartels, D. J., Volper, E. M. & Greenberg, E. P. (2004). Quorum sensing in staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Journal of Bacteriology, 186(6), 1838–1850. http://doi.org/10.1128/ JB.186.6.1838-1850.2004
Yi, L., Li, Z., Yuan, K., Qu, X., Chen, J., Wang, G., Zhang, H., Luo, H., Zhu, L., Jiang, P., Chen, L., Shen, Y., Luo, M., Zuo, G., Hu, J., Duan, D., Nie, Y., Shi, X., Wang, W., Han,, Y., Li, T., Liu, Y., Ding, M., Deng,
Yi, L., Li, Z., Yuan, K., Qu, X., Chen, J., Wang, G., Zhang, H., Luo, H., Zhu, L., Jiang, P., Chen, L., Shen, Y., Luo, M., Zuo, G., Hu, J., Duan, D., Nie, Y., Shi, X., Wang, W., Han,, Y., Li, T., Liu, Y., Ding, M., Deng,
H. & Xu, X. (2004). Small Molecules Blocking the Entry of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus into Host Cells. Jour- nal of Virology, 78(20), 11334–11339. https://doi.org/10.1128/ JVI.78.20.11334-11339.2004
H. & Xu, X. (2004). Small Molecules Blocking the Entry of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus into Host Cells. Jour- nal of Virology, 78(20), 11334–11339. https://doi.org/10.1128/ JVI.78.20.11334-11339.2004
Zhu, R. R., Wang, W. R., Sun, X. Y., Liu, H. & Wang, S. L. (2010). Enzyme activity inhibition and secondary structure disruption of nano-TiO2 on pepsin. Toxicology in vitro, 24(6), 1639-1647. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2010.06.002
Zhu, R. R., Wang, W. R., Sun, X. Y., Liu, H. & Wang, S. L. (2010). Enzyme activity inhibition and secondary structure disruption of nano-TiO2 on pepsin. Toxicology in vitro, 24(6), 1639-1647. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2010.06.002