Tarımsal Üretimde Yararlanılan Trichoderma Ürünleri ve Metabolitleri

Fitopatojenik ajanların sebep olduğu bitki hastalıklarıyla, önemli ölçüde ürün kayıpları meydana gelmektedir. Dünya üzerindeki birçok ülkede, tarımda pestisit uygulamalarını ve bağımlılığını azaltacak, tüketici ve çevre güvenliğini arttıracak yasal yaptırımlar uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Yönetmelikler ile integre zararlı düzenlemesinin uygulamaya konulmasını teşvik edecek gerekli şartların oluşumuna ve aynı zamanda ticari ürünlerin güvenliğinin sağlanmasına da çalışılmaktadır. Trichoderma spp. mikrobiyal biyokontrol ajanı olarak en yaygın kullanılan ve çalışılan funguslar arasındadır. Trichoderma ürünleri, biyopestisit, biyofungusit, biyoinokulant, biyo-stimulant, biyodekompoze edici, biyofertilize edici ve bitki büyüme teşvikleyicileri olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yararlı etkileri için bitkilerle muamele edilmelerinin altında yatan başlıca mekanizmalar; mikoparazitizm veya hiperparazitizm, antibiyozis, kompetisyon, hücre duvarlı litik enzim aktivitesi, bitki büyümesinin arttırılması, toprakta bulunan besin elementlerinin kazanımı ve bitki savunma cevaplarının indüklenmesi olarak sayılabilir. Bu derlemede, tarımsal üretimde yararlanılan Trichoderma türleri ve başlıca sekonder metabolitleri ile fungal patojenler veya bitkiler ile arasındaki interaksiyonlar üzerine odaklanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Trichoderma, biyokontrol, fungal patojen

Trichoderma–based Products and Metabolites Used in Agricultural Production

Phytopathogenic agents cause considerable crop losses incurred by plant diseases worldwide. The most goverments in World, have started to implement legislative mandates in order to reduce the pesticide applications and dependency in agriculture and increase the environmental and consumers safety. By implementing integrated pest management [IPM], it is aimed to establish the necessary conditions to employ these practices. Trichoderma is among the best known and widely used fungal genera as biocontrol agent. Products of Trichoderma and itself, are promoted as bio-pesticide, bio-fungicide, bio-inoculant, bio-stimulant, bio-decomposer, bio-fertilizer, plant growth stimulator. Main mechanisms underlying its beneficial properties are; mycoparasitism, hyperparasitism, antibiosis, competition, cell wall lytic enzymes, enhancement of plant growth, acquisiton of soil nutrients, induction of plant defense responses. In this review, we focused on the Trichoderma and its secondary metabolites that are used in agriculture and their interactions between phytopathogens and plants.

Keywords:

Trichoderma, biocontrol, fungal pathogen,

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