Suliman ZOMMİTA, Gülgez Gökçe YILDIZ, Nusret ZENCİRCİ, Özlem ÖZBEK, Ömer Can ÜNÜVAR, Ercan Selçuk ÜNLÜ

Assessment of genetic diversity based on agro-morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) landrace populations from Turkey

The aim of this study is to investigate genetic diversity in 48 einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) landraces grown in agricultural areas of Bolu and Kastamonu. Therefore, variation in seven agro-morphological traits was investigated. Agro-morphological traits such as leaf weight (mg), coleoptile length (cm), root number (n), root length (cm), fresh root weight (mg), and dry root weight (mg) were examined by the coefficient of variation, ANOVA, and principal components analysis. The highest coefficient of variation (%) was observed in fresh root weight (FRW = 52.09%), while the lowest was in leaf weight (LW = 8.9%). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was calculated as 76.93% variation in two main components. For molecular characterization, data obtained with iSSR primers were analyzed with the population genetics analysis program PopGene (ver. 1.32). According to PopGene results, the mean number of alleles, the mean number of effective alleles, and average genetic diversity values were calculated as na = 2, nea = 1.33, and h = 0.13, respectively. Among the agro-morphological traits, germination power, root number, and coleoptile length appeared to be reliable traits. The results show that the use of morphological characters alone for genetic diversity in populations is not sufficient to determine the difference between populations and their genetic structure.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Agro-Morphological traits, Einkorn Wheat, Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum, iSSR, Wheat landraces

Assessment of genetic diversity based on agro-morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) landrace populations from Turkey

Keywords:

Agro-Morphological traits, Einkorn Wheat, Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum, iSSR, Wheat landraces,

PDF

___

Abdel-Aal, E.-S.M., Hucl, P., Sosulski, F.W., & Bhirud, P.R. (1997). Kernel, Milling and Baking Properties of Spring-Type Spelt and Einkorn Wheats. Journal of Cereal Science, 26(3), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.1997.0139
Aslan, D., Ordu, B., Göre, M.E., Akin, B., & Zencirci, N. (2018). Germination Stage Water Scarcity in Bread and Einkorn Wheat. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21566/tarbitderg.436371
Bavec, F., & Bavec, M. (2006). Organic Production and Use of Alternative Crops. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420017427
Butnaru, G., Sarac, I., Blidar, A., Holly, L., & Mar, I. (2003). Morpho-Agronomic variability of Triticum monococcum L. land races in the Timisoara area. In VIIth International Symposium Interdisciplinary Regional Research-ISIRR 2003 Hungary–Serbia & Montenegro–Romania, 359. http://annals.fih.upt.ro/pdf/ISIRR-2003-S04.pdf#page=65
Castagna, R., Borghi, B., Di Fonzo, N., Heun, M., & Salamini, F. (1995). Yield and related traits of einkorn (T. monococcum ssp. monococcum) in different environments. European Journal of Agronomy, 4(3), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(14)80038-5
Desheva, G.N., Kyosev, B., & Deshev, M. (2020). Assessment genetic diversity of einkorn genotypes (Triticum monococcum L.) by gliadin electrophoresis. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 116(2), 327. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.116.2.1430
Empilli, S., Castagna, R., & Brandolini, A. (2000). Morpho-agronomic variability of the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 36–40. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=en&lr=&id= EugPlBNki4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA36&dq=Empilli,+S.,+Castagna,+R.,+%26+Brandolini,+A.+(2000).+Morpho agronomic+variability+of+the+diploid+wheat+Triticum+monococcum+L.+Plant+Genetic+Resources+Newsletter,+36%E2%80%9340.&ots=hWbD1reYGO&sig=V_kafSG9wZI8iZFZ56vtW636rK0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Eslami Farouji, A., Khodayari, H., Saeidi, H., & Rahiminejad, M.R. (2015). Genetic diversity of diploid Triticum species in Iran assessed using inter-retroelement amplified polymorphisms (IRAP) markers. Biologia, 70(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2015-0002
Fritsch, R., Hammer, K., & Szabo, A.T. (1996). [Ethnobiodiversity: human diversity and plant genetic diversity in the evolution of crop plants. Part 1].[English); De (German]. Schriftenreihe Des Information SzentrumsfuerGenetischeRessourcen (Germany), 4.
Goto, F., Tsutsumi, T., & Ogawa, K. (2011). The Japanese version of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory as an index of treatment success: Exploratory factor analysis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 131(8), 817–825. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2011.565423
Guzy, M.R., Ehdaie, B., & Waines, J.G. (1989). Yield and Its Components in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats in Diverse Environments. Annals of Botany, 64(6), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087888
Insee (Website) (2016). Coefficient of variation / CV - Definition. https://www.insee.fr/en/metadonnees/definition/c1366. Access date 02.03.2022
Jackson, D.A. (1993). Stopping Rules in Principal Components Analysis: A Comparison of Heuristical and Statistical Approaches. Ecology, 74(8), 2204 2214. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939574
Karagöz, A., & Zencirci, N. (2005). Variation in Wheat (Triticum spp.) Landraces from Different Altitudes of Three Regions of Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 52(6), 775–785. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-004-3556-3
Keskin, S., Özbek, Ö., Eser, V., & Göçmen, B. (2015). Polymorphism in seed endosperm proteins (gliadins and glutenins) of Turkish cultivated einkorn wheat [Triticum monococcum ssp.monococcum] landraces. Cereal Research Communications, 43(1), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1556/crc.2014.0028
Kidwell, K.K., & Osborn, T.C. (1992). Simple plant DNA isolation procedures. In Plant Genomes: Methods for Genetic and Physical Mapping (pp. 1–13). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2442-3_1
Le Corre, V., & Bernard, M. (1995). Assessment of the type and degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in diploid species of the genus Triticum. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 90(7–8), 1063–1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00222922
Løje, H., Møller, B., Laustsen, A. M., & Hansen, Å. (2003). Chemical Composition, Functional Properties and Sensory Profiling of Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.). Journal of Cereal Science, 37(2), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcrs.2002.0498
Malaki, M., Naghavi, M.R., Alizadeh, H., Potki, P., Kazemi, M., Pirseyedi, S.M., ... & Fakhr, T. (2006). Study of genetic variation in wild diploid wheat (Triticum boeoticum) from Iran using AFLP markers. IJB-Iranian Journal of Biotechnology; 4(4), 269-274
Mizumoto, K., Hirosawa, S., Nakamura, C., & Takumi, S. (2002). Nuclear and chloroplast genome genetic diversity in the wild einkorn wheat, Triticum urartu, revealed by AFLP and SSLP analyses. Hereditas, 137(3), 208 214. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601 5223.2002.01654.x
Naghavi, M.R., Mardi, M., Pirseyedi, S.M., Kazemi, M., Potki, P., & Ghaffari, M.R. (2007). Comparison of genetic variation among accessions of Aegilops tauschii using AFLP and SSR markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54(2), 237–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-9143-z
Nei, M. (1973). Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 70(12), 3321–3323. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.70.12.3321
O’Grady, K.E. (1982). Measures of explained variance: Cautions and limitations. Psychological Bulletin, 92(3), 766–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.766
Özbek, Ö., Göçmen, B., Keskin Ş., S., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2012). High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit variation in Turkish emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 298(9), 1795–1804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0680-y
Özbek, Ö., Göçmen, B., Keskin Ş., S., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2013). Genetic characterization of Turkish cultivated emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. Dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces based on isoenzyme analysis. Cereal Research Communications, 41(2), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1556/crc.2013.0001
Özbek, Ö., Taşkın, B.G., Şan, S.K., Eser, V., & Arslan, O. (2011). Gliadin polymorphism in Turkish cultivated emmer wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.] landraces. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 296(12), 121 135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0481-8
Ozbek, Ö., Zencirci, N. (2021). Characterization of genetic diversity in cultivated einkorn wheat [Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum] landrace populations from Turkey as revealed by ISSR. Russian Journal of Genetics, 57(4).
Özberk, İ., Atay, S., Altay, F., Cabi, E., Özkan, H., & Atlı, A. (2016). Türkiye’nin buğday atlası. İstanbul: WWF-Türkiye. 5-84.
Sharma, R.K. (1984). Book reviews : Barbara Harriss, State and Market: State Intervention in Agricultural Exchange in a Dry Region of Tamil Nadu, South India, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1984, 375 pp. The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 21(4), 521–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/001946468402100409
Troccoli, A., & Codianni, P. (2005). Appropriate seeding rate for einkorn, emmer, and spelt grown under rainfed condition in southern Italy. European Journal of Agronomy, 22(3), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2004.04.003
Ünal, S. (2002). Importance of wheat quality and methods in wheat quality determination. Hububat Ürünleri Teknolojisi Kongre ve Sergisi, 25–37.
Ünlü, E.S., Bataw, S., Aslan Şen, D., Şahin, Y., & Zencirci, N. (2018). Identification of conserved miRNA molecules in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum) by using small RNA sequencing analysis. Turkish Journal of Biology = Turk Biyoloji Dergisi, 42(6), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1802-3
Yeh, F.C., Yang, R.C., Boyle, T., Ye, Z.H., Mao, J.X. (1997). POPGENE (version 1.32): The user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Alberta, Canada, 10, 295-301.
Zencirci, N., Yılmaz, H., Garaybayova, N., Karagöz, A., Kilian, B., Özkan, H., Hammer, K., & Knüpffer, H. (2018). Mirza (Hacızade) Gökgöl (1897–1981): the great explorer of wheat genetic resources in Turkey. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 65(3), 693–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-018-0606-9
Zencirci, N., Ulukan, H., Bülent, O.R.D.U., Aslan, D., Mutlu, H.T., & Örgeç, M. (2019). Salt, cold, and drought stress on einkorn and bread wheat during germination. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 6(2), 113-128.
Zeven, A.C. (1999). The traditional inexplicable replacement of seed and seed ware of landraces and cultivars: A review. Euphytica, 110, 181–191.