Özlem SEFER, Emre YÖRÜK, Elif Sedef DEVELİ, Ayşe Server SEZER, Zeynep KONUKCU

2,4-Dimetilpirol’ün Başak Yanıklığı Hastalığı Etmeni Fusarium culmorum’un Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Bitki patojeni Fusarium culmorum dünyada ve ülkemizde tahıllar üzerinde kök çürüklüğü ve başak yanıklığı başta olmak üzere çeşitli hastalıklara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada F. culmorum ile mücadele kullanılabilecek yeni ve potansiyel bir ajan olarak 2,4-Dimetilpirol’ün patojen üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla farklı konsantrasyonlarda 2,4-Dimetilpirol (0, 0.5, 1, 2 ve 4 mg mL-1) uygulanmış F. culmorum 20F izolatında artan konsantrasyonlarda doğrusal büyüme oranındaki (DBO) değişim incelenmiş ve kontrol ve deney grupları arasında anlamlı bir düşüş olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca seksüel üreme ve hücre çeperi bütünlüğünden sorumlu Mgv1 geninin anlatımı gerçek zamanlı kantitatif polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (k-PZR) ve ters transkripsiyon PZR (RT- PZR) ile incelenmiştir. Deney gruplarında kontrol gruplarına göre Mgv1 geni için 5.21±0.05x102 kat artma saptanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre 2,4-Dimetilpirol’ün, F. culmorum türünde potansiyel bir antifungal etkili ajan olabileceği gösterilmiştir. İleriki çalışmalarda bu ajanın tarladaki fungal biyokütlenin ve toksin üretiminin azaltılmasını sağlayarak hastalık ile mücadelede yeni bir yaklaşım olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Antifungal, Başak Yanıklığı, Fusarium, 2.4-Dimetilpirol

Investigation of the Effects of 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole on Fusarium culmorum Causal Agent of Head Blight Disease

Fusarium culmorum, a phytopathogen, cause several diseases including root rot and head blight on cereals in worldwide and our country. In this study, effects of 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole, as a novel and potential agent on pathogen which can be used in fight with F. culmorum were investigated. For this purpose, alteration in linear growth rate (LGR) in F. culmorum 20F isolate, subjected to different concentrations of 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg mL-1) was investigated and the significant decrase between control and experiment sets was determined. Besides, expression of Mgv1 gene, responsible for sexual stage and cell wall integrity, was investigated via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). In comparison to control groups, 5.21±0.05x102 fold increases in experiment set for Mgv1 gene was detected. According to findings obtained, it was shown that 2,4-Dimethylpyrrole could be a potential antifungal agent for F. culmorum. In further works, it is suggested that this agent could be used as a novel approach in disease control including inhibition of fungal biomass and toxin production in field.

Keywords:

Antifungal, Head Blight, Fusarium, 2.4-Dimethylpyrrole,

PDF

___

Dyakov, T. Y., Dzhavakhlya, V. G., and Korpela, T. (2007). Comprehensive and molecular phytopathology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Miedaner, T., Cumagun, C. J. R., & Chakraborty, S. (2008). Population genetics of three important head blight pathogens Fusarium graminearum, F. pseudograminearum and F. culmorum. Journal of Phytopathology, 156: 129-139
Yli-Mattila, T., Rämö, S., Hietaniemi, V., Hussien, T., Carlobos-Lopez, A. L., & Cumagun, C. J. R. (2013). Molecular quantification and genetic diversity of toxigenic Fusarium species in Northern Europe as compared to those in Southern Europe. Microorganisms, 1: 162-174.
Wang, J. H., Ndoye, M., Zhang, J.B., Li, H. P. & Liao, Y. C. (2011). Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of the Fusarium graminearum Species Complex. Toxins, 3: 1020-1037. http:// dx.doi.org/:10.3390/toxins3081020
Scherm, B., Balmas, V., Spanu, F., Pani, G., Delogu, G., Pasquali, G., & Migheli, Q. (2013). Fusarium culmorum: causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14 (4): 323-341.
Chakraborty, S., Liu, C. J., Mitter, V., Scott, J. B., Akinsanmi, O. A., Ali, S., Dill-Macky, R., Nicol, J., Backhouse, D., and Simpfendorfer, S. (2006). Pathogen population structure and epidemiology are keys to wheat crown rot and Fusarium head blight management. Australasian Plant Pathology, 35(6): 643-655.
Aktaş, H., Kınacı, E., Yıldırım, A.F.,Sayın L and Kural A. (1999). Determination of root and foot rot pathogens which are problems in Konya province and research and solution. Cereal Symposium CMB 1999, p. 392-403. Konya, Turkey.
Tunali, B., Nicol, J. M., Uçkun, Z., Büyük, O., Erdurmuş, D.,Hekimhan, H.,Aktaş, H., Hodson, D.,Aydin Akbudak, M. and Bağci, S. A. (2008). Root and crown rot fungi associated with spring and winter wheat in Turkey. Plant Disease. 92 (9):1299-1306.
Bentley, A.R., Tunali, B., Nicol, J.M., Burgess, L.W., and Summerell, B.A. (2006). A survey of Fusarium species associated with wheat and grass stem bases in northern Turkey. Sydowia, 58 (2): 163-177.
Tok, F. M., & Arslan, M. (2016). Distribution and genetic chemotyping of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum populations in wheat fields in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 30(2): 254-260.
Çepni, E., Gürel, F., Tunalı, B. (2012). Genetic diversity and mating types of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum isolates in Turkish crop breeding areas. Journal of Basıc Mıcrobıology, 52: 1-9.
Yörük, E., Tunali, B., Kansu, B., Ölmez, F., Uz, G., Zümrüt, I. M., Sarıkaya, A., & Meyva, G. (2016). Characterization of high-level deoxynivalenol producer Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum isolates caused head blightand crown rot diseases in Turkey. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 123: 177–186.
Arslan, Ü., ve Baykal, N. (2002). Kök ve kökboğazı fungal patojenlerine karşı bazı buğday çeşitlerinin reaksiyonları ve tohum koruyucu fungusitlerin Fusarium culmorum (w.g.sm.) sacc.’a etkisi. Uludağ Üniviversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16: 69-76.
Bernardo, A., Bai, G., Guo, P., Xiao, K., Guenzi, A. C., and Ayoubi, P. (2007). Fusarium graminearum-induced changes in gene expression between Fusarium head blight-resistant and susceptible wheat cultivar. Functional and Integrative Genomics, 7: 69-77.
Kimura, M., Tokai, T., Takahashi-Ando, N., Ohsato, S., & Fujimura, M. (2007). Molecular and genetic studies of Fusarium trichothecen pathways gene and evolution. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 71: 2105-2123.
McDonald, T., Brown, D., Keller, N. P., & Hammond, T. M. (2005). RNA silencing of mycotoxin production in Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 18 (6): 539-545.
Scherm, B., Orru, M., Balmas, V., Spanu, F., Azara, E., Delogu, G., Hammond, T. M., Keller, N.P., & Migheli, Q. (2011). Altered trichothecene biosynthesis in TRI6-silenced transformants of Fusarium culmorum influences the severity of crown and foot rot on durum wheat seedlings. Molecular Plant Pathology, 12 (8): 759-771.
Hou, Z., Xue, C., Peng, Y., Katan, T., Kistler, H. C., and Xu, J. (2002). A mitogen-activated protein kinase gene (MGV1) in Fusarium graminearum is required for female fertility heterokaryon formation, and plant infection. International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 11: 1119-1127.
Joshi, S. D, More, U. A, and Kulkami, V. H. (2013). Synthesis, Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of new heterocyclic hybrids based on 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole and pyrrole scaffolds. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 75 (3): 310-323.
Arif, T., Bhosale, J. D., Kumar, N., Mandal, T. K., Bendre, R. S., Lavekar, G. S., & Dabur, R. (2009). Natural products-antifungal agents derived from plants. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 11(7): 621-638.
Livak, J. K., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25: 402-408.
Sudakin, D. L. (2003). Trichothecenes in the environment: relevance to human health. Toxicology Letters, 143: 97-107.
Al-Burtamani, S. K., Fatope, M. O., Marwah, R. G., Onifade, A. K., & Al-Saidi, S. H. (2005). Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil of Haplophyllum Tuberculatum from Oman. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96(1-2): 107-112.
Cabral, L. C., Pinto, V. F., and Patriarca, A. (2013). Application of plant derived compounds to control fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 166: 1–14.
Varshney, H., Ahmad, A., Rauf, A., Husain, F. M., & Ahmad, I. (2014). Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of fatty chain substituted 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole and 1,3-benzoxazin-4-one derivatives. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society,
Yoshi, S. D., More, Y., Vagdevi, H. M., Vaidya, V. P., Gadaginamath, G. S., & Kulkarni, V. H. (2013). Synthesis of new 4-(2,5-dimethylpyrrol-1-yl)/4-pyrrol-1-yl benzoic acid hydrazide analogs and some derived oxadiazole, triazole and pyrrole ring systems: a novel class of potential antibacterial, antifungal and antitubercular agents. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 22: 1073-1089.
Yoshi, S. D., More, U. A., & Kulkarni, V. H. (2013). Synthesis, Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of New Heterocyclic Hybrids Based on 2,5-Dimethylpyrrole and Pyrrole Scaffolds. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 75 (3): 310-323.
Karababa, M., Coste, A. L., Rognon, B., Bille, J., & Sanglard, D. (2004). Comparison of gene expression profiles of Candida Albicans azole-resistant clinical isolates and laboratory strains exposed to drug inducing multidrug transporters. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48 (8): 3064-3079.