Fatih DURGUN

Rönesans’tan 19. yüzyıla avrupa tarihyazımında ilerleme fikri, dönemselleştirme ve orta çağ avrupa tarihi algısı

Orta Çağ Avrupa tarihi bir tarihsel araştırma nesnesi olarak günümüz Avrupa tarihçisinin gözünde ya da modern Avrupalı sıradan bir insanın zihin dünyasında, Rönesans döneminden beri sürekli vurgulanarak geliştirilen klasik Avrupa tarihi dönemselleştirmesi algısının kurbanı olmuştur. Bu yazının temel iddiası, Orta Çağ Avrupa tarihine ilişkin düşünsel ve felsefi gerilimin,Avrupamerkezci Orta Çağ Avrupa tarihi algısını beslemiş olduğudur. Orta Çağ Avrupa tarihi, bir taraftan politik parçalanmışlığı ve dinsel otoritenin toplumsal yaşamı kuşatarak biçimlendirmesi ve özgür düşüncenin yeşermesini geciktirmesi gibi nedenler ileri sürülerek tarihsel ilerleme şeması ve teleoloji kavramsallaştırması içinde eleştiri nesnesi olarak görülmüştür. Diğer taraftan ise modern Avrupa tarihi yazımında modern ulus-devlete ulaşan gelişim çizgisi içinde, kilisenin merkezî otoritesine karşı daha bireyselci ve komünel dinsel yapılanmaların ortaya çıkması ve seküler bir toplumsal yaşamın zeminini hazırlaması, ulusal kültürlerin filizlenmesi için gerekli olan halk kültürünün şekillenmesi, kilise hukukunun karşısında örfi hukukun güçlü bir gelenek oluşturması gibi kimi özellikleriyle de olumlanmıştır. Böylece hem olumsuzlama hem de olumlama Orta Çağ tarihini ve modern Orta Çağ tarihçiliğini, Avrupamerkezci tarihyazımının bir parçası hâline getirmiştir..

The idea of the progress, periodisation and the perception of medieval european history from the renaissance to the 19th century in european historiography

As an object of historical research, Medieval European history has become a victim of classic European historiographical periodization, which has settled in the minds of Europeans since the Renaissance. This article argues that intellectual and philosophical tensions inherent in the perception of Medieval European history have imposed a Eurocentric view on the European Middle Ages. On the one hand, according to the essential postulates of the modern progressive and teleological historical understanding, the European Middle Ages have been sharply criticised by scholars and intellectuals for a number of reasons, such as political fragmentation, predominance of religious authority over social life, and delay in the germination of free thought. On the other hand, this period has been paradoxically affirmed due to the factors like the emergence of relatively more individualistic and communal religious practices against the spiritual authority of the Church, and the shaping of folk culture, which provided a basis for national cultures. Thus both criticism and affirmation have made Medieval European history and its modern historical scholarship a part of Eurocentric historiography.

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