Onur DURSUN

Bilim Gazeteciliğinde Popülaritenin ve Pozitif Bilimlerin Hegemonyası

Bu çalışma bilim gazeteciliğinin günümüzdeki işleyişine odaklanarak, Türkiye medyasındaki bilim içerikli haberlerin durumunu ve sorunlarını tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmamız, bilimin toplumdaki işlevine dikkat çekme-kte ve bilimsel bilginin demokratikleşme süreçlerine sunacağı katkılar ile yanlış kullanımıyla oluşacak olası zararlara değinmektedir. Ardından bilim gazeteciliğine ilişkin farklı yaklaşımlar sunularak bilim gazeteciliği tanımlanmakta ve bilim gaze-teciliğinin sorunlarını irdelemektedir. Çalışmamız Türkiye’deki bilim gazeteciliği-nin durumunu Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Sabah ve Sözcü gazetelerinin bilim haberlerini analiz ederek ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Çalışmamızın örneklemi, 20 Ocak-03 Şubat 2018 tarihleri arasını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada içerik analizi tekniği kullanılarak örneklemdeki gazetelerin 15 günlük süreçte yayınladıkları bilim içerikli haberleri, 5 ana ve 42 alt kategori altında analiz edilmiştir. Türkiye’de bilim haberlerinin gazetelerde yeterince yer alamadığı, mevcut bilim haberlerinin ise sağlık/tıp, doğa, teknoloji, arkeoloji gibi popüler ve pozitif bilimler ağırlıklı old-uğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Hegemony of Popularisation and Positive Sciences in Science Journalism

This study aims to explore the current situation and the problems of science theme in news/science news by focusing on science journalism in Turkey. It draws attention to the function of science in a society and mentions the contributions of scientif-ic knowledge to democratization process and the possible harms could be caused by misuse. By presenting some aspects of science journalism, this study sets out to describe what science journalism is and investigates the problems of science journalism. The study attempts to reveal the problems through content analysis of five national newspapers namely Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Sabah, and Sözcü. Focusing on the fifteen-day-time period from 20 January 2018 to 03 February 2018, the study examines the science cover-age of the newspaper samples under 5 main and 42 sub-categories. The analysis reveals that science coverage is not found to be quan-titatively sufficient in the Turkish press, as the investigating news predominately focuses on such popular and positive sciences as medical/health, nature, technology, and archaeology.

PDF

___

Alda, A. (2010). In Your Own Voice. Science and the Media. (Ed.) Donald Ken-nedy and Geneva Overholser. Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Scien-ces: 10-12.
Allen, S. (2011). Introduction: Science journalism in a digital age. Journalism,. 2011: 12, Sage: 771-777.
Angler, M. W. (2017). Science Journalism / An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
Ashwell, D.J. (2014). The challenges of science journalism: The perspectives of scientists, science communication advisors and journalists from New Zealand. Public Understanding of Science. 11. Sage: 1-15.
Bağlama, S. H. (2018). The Resurrection of the Spectre: A Marxist Analysis of Race, Class and Alienation in the Post-War British Novel. Berlin: Peter Lang.
Baram, M. S. (1971). Social Control of Science and Technology. Science. Vol 172- 3983: 535-539.
Bauer, W. M.; Gregory, J. (2007). From journalism to corporate communication in post-war Britain. Journalism, Science and Society. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 33-51.
Bauer, W. M.; Howard, S.; Ramos, R.; Yulye, J.; Massarani, L.; Amorim, L. (2013). Global science journalism report: working conditions & practices, professional et-hos and future expectations. Science and Development Network. London: UK.
Bauer, W. M.; Petkova, K.; Boyadjieva, P. (2000). Public Knowledge of and Atti-tudes to Science: Alternative Measures That May End the “Science War”. Bul-garian Academy of Sciences, Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 25-1: 30-51
Ben-David, J. (1971). The Scientist’s Role in Society: A Comparative Study. UK: Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall.
Bodmer, W. (1985). The Public Understanding of Science. London: The Royal Society.
Brauchli, M.; Eilperin, J. (2009). Science journalism: From the newsroom. The Washington Post: 25 Haziran.
Brito, A. C.; Saraiva, S.; de Lima, R.F. (2012). The Role of Science in Society: Challenges in a Time of Global Changes. Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography. Vol 2-5: 1-6.
Bucchi, M.; Mazzolini, R. G. (2007). Big science, little news / Science coverage in the Italian daily press, Journalism, Science and Society. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 53-70.
Burns, T.; O’Connor, D.; Stocklmayer, S. (2003). Science Communication: A Contemporary Definition. Public Understanding of Science. 12: 183–202.
Cook, D. M.; Boyd, E. A.; Grossmann, C.; Bero, L. A. (2009). Journalists and conflicts of interest in science: beliefs and practices, Ethics In Science And Envi-ronmental Politcs / Ethics Sci Environ Polit. Published online April 28: 1-8.
COSCE (2005). Acción CRECE. Comisiones de Reflexión y Estudio de la Ciencia en España (Proposal by the Scientific Community to boost Science in Spain), by Confederación de Sociedades Científicas de España (COSCE), Erişim: https:// www.upf.edu/pcstacademy/_docs/cosce_en_02.pdf. Tarih: 02.06.2018.
de Semir, V. (2000). Scientific journalism: Problems and perspectives. Internatl Microbiol. Vol 3: 125-128.
Dimopoulos, K.; Koulaidis, V. (2002). The socio-epistemic constitution of science and technology in the Greek press: an analysis of its presentation. Public Un-derstanding of Science. 11(3): 225–241.
Dunwoody, S. (2014). Science journalism / Prospects in the digital age. Routled-ge Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology. (Ed.) Massi-miano Bucchi and Brian Trench. London: Routledge: 27-29.
Dursun, Ç. (2010). Dünyada Bilim İletişiminin Gelişimi ve Farklı Yaklaşımlar: Toplum İçin Bilimden Toplumda Bilime, Kurgu, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları: 1-35.
Egikova, V. (2009). Russian science journalism: the past and the future. Ethics In Science And Environmental Politcs / Ethics Sci Environ Polit. Vol 9: 29–32.
Elias, C. (2007). The use of scientific expertise for political PR / The ‘Doñana’ and ‘Prestige’ cases in Spain. Journalism, Science and Society. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 227-238.
Elmer, C.; Badenschier, F.; Wormer, H. (2008). Science for everybody? How the coverage of research issues in German newspapers has increased dramatically. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 85(4): 878–893.
Erdoğan, İ. (2007). Türkiye’de Gazetecilik ve Bilim İletişimi, Yapısal Özellikler, So-runlar ve Çözüm Önerileri, G. Ü. İletişim Araştırmaları Merkezi Kırkıncı Yıl Kitaplığı No: 7. Ankara.
European Commission. (2007). Science, Society and Politics Knowledge Socie-ties from a Historical Perspective. Reported by Dominique Pestre. Office for Pub-lications of the European Communities.
Fahy, D.; Nisbet. M. C. (2011). The science journalist online: Shifting roles and emerging practices. Journalism. 12(7): 778–793.
Fjæstad, B. (2007). Why journalists report science as they do. Journalism, Scien-ce and Society. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Rout-ledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 123-131.
Franklin, J. (2007). The end of science journalism. Journalism, Science and So-ciety. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Routledge, Tay-lor & Francis Group: 143-156.
Fuller, S. (1999). The governance of science: ideology and the future of the open society. USA: Philadelphia. Open University Press.
Gelmez Burgazgil, S. (2017). Kritik Olaylar, Politik Dokümanlar, Raporlar ve Araş-tırmalar Işığında Türkiye’de Bilim İletişimi, Selçuk İletişim, 10 (1): 232-261.
Govoni, P. (2007). Science communication in late nineteenth century Italy. Jour-nalism, Science and Society. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 21-32.
Göpfert, W. (2007). The strength of PR and the weakness of science journalism. Journalism, Science and Society. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: 215-226.
Gunnell, J. G. (2009). Ideology and the philosophy of science: an American misunderstanding. Journal of Political Ideologies. Vol 14-3: 317-337.
Kennedy, D. (2010). Science and the Media. Science and the Media. (Ed.) Donald Kennedy and Geneva Overholser. Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 1-11.
Kurath, M.; Gisler, P. (2009). Informing, involving or engaging? Science commu-nication, in the ages of atom-, bio- and nanotechnology. Public Understanding Science: 18 (5), 559–573.
Lieverouw, L. (1990). Communication and the Social Representation of Scientific Knowledge. Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 7: 1–10.
Metcalfe, J & Gascoigne, T. (1995). Science journalism in Australia, Public Un-derstanding of Science, 4 (4): 411-428.
Metcalfe, J.; Gascoigne, T. (1995). Science journalism in Australia. Public Un-derstand. Sci. 4: 411-428.
Nelkin, D. (1987). The Culture of Scinece Journalism. Society. Vol 24-6: 17-25.
Nelkin, D. (1995). Selling Science: How the press cover science and technology. USA: New York, Freeman.
Nyhan, B.; Sides, J. (2011). How Political Science Can Help Journalism (and Still Let Journalism Be Journalists). The Forum. Vol 9-1. Article 2.
O’Neill, G. (1991). Science writing: the 17th sunrise industry. Search. 22(6).
Pitrelli, N. (20147). Science journalism: In search of a new identity. Medical Writing. Vol 26-2: 41-44.
Rehman. J. (2013). The need for critical science journalism. The Guardian. 16 Mayıs.
Richter, B. (1995). The Role of Science in Our Society. USA: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center of Stanford University (Konferans Sunumu): 1-10.
Royal Society. (2010). The Scientific Century: securing our future prosperity. The Royal Society Science Policy Centre. UK: London.
Russell, C. (2010). Covering Controversial Science: Improving Reporting on Science and Public Policy. Science and the Media. (Ed.) Donald Kennedy and Ge-neva Overholser. Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 13-43.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1949). Science and Ideology. The American Economic Re-view. Vol. 39, No. 2: 346-359.
Secko, D. M.; Amend, E.; Friday, T. (2013). Four Models of Science Journalism: A synthesis and practical assessment. Journalism Practice. Vol 7- 1: 62-80.
Selvaraj, S; Borkar, D.S.; Prasad, V. (2014). Media Coverage of Medical Jour-nals: Do the Best Articles Make the News?. PLoS ONE: 9(1): e85355. https://doi. org/10.1371
Shäfer, M. (2010). Taking stock: A meta-analysis of studies on the media’s coverage of science. Public Understanding Science. 21(6): 650–663.
Sheets-Pyenson, S. (1985). Popular science periodicals in Paris and London: The emergence of a low scientifi c culture 1820–1875. Annals of Science. 42 (6): 549–572.
Summ, A.; Volpers, A.M. (2016). What’s science? Where’s science? Science journalism in German print media. Public Understanding of Science (Sage). Vol 25(7): 775-790.
Thee, M. (1971). The Scientist’s Role in Society / An Outline of a Strategy. Secu-rity Dialogue. Volume: 3-4: 367-370.
Tiryaki, S. (2018). “İnternet Gazetelerinde Bilim ve Teknoloji Haberlerinin Sunu-mu”, Uluslararası Dijital Çağda İletişim Sempozyumu, 18-19 Ekim, Mersin (Sözlü Sunum).
Tobey, R. J. (1993). The American ideology of natural science. Biology and Philo-sophy. Vol 8: 103-108.
Treise, D.; Weigold, M. (2002). Advancing Science Communication: A Survey of Science Communication. Science Communication. Vol 23: 310–322.
Trench, B. (2007). How the internet changed science journalism. Journalism, Science and Society. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group:133–141.
Turney, J. (2007). The latest boom in popular science boks. Journalism, Science and Society. (Ed.) Martin W. Bauer and Massimiano Bucchi. New York: Routled-ge, Taylor & Francis Group: 82-91
Utma, S. (2015). Bilim İletişimi ve Bilim Gazeteciliği: Ege Üniversitesi Haber Ajansı Örneğinde Üniversitelerde Bilim Haberlerinin Üretilmesine Yönelik Bir İn-celeme, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Gazetecilik Anabilim Dalı, Ya-yınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
Utma, S. (2017). Bilimsel Okuryazarlık: Bilim İletişimi ve Medyadaki Bilim Haberlerini Doğru Okumak, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10 (50): 788-799.
Uysal, A.E. (2017). An Evaluation of Health News in Turkey in Terms of Media Ethics and Science Journalism. Review of Journalism and Mass Communication. Vol 5-1: 34-60.
Vestergård, G. L. (2016). Where does science news come from? (An industri-al PhD thesis on the ecosystem of science news Gunver Centre for Science Studies). Aarhus University and Experimentarium Science Center. Denmark: SUN-TRYK.
Wormer, H. (2008). Science journalism. (Ed.) W. Donsbach. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Online. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing: 4512-4514.
Yıldırım Becerikli, S. (2013b). Bilim Teknoloji ve Yenilik Haberleri Okurluğu: Gelir Düzeyi Değişkeni Üzerinden Bir Alımlama Çalışması, II. International Conference on Communication, Media, Technology and Design: 402-405.
Yıldırım Becerikli, S.(2013a). Türkiye’deki Bilim Teknoloji Yenilik Habercilerinin Profili ve Haber Yapma Pratikleri Üzerine Düşünmek, İstanbul Üniversitesi İleti-şim Fakültesi Dergisi: 1-18.