On the Probability of the Creation of the Ibn Taymiyya School of Ottoman Thought via Birgiwī Meḥmed Efendī – A Critical Approach

Ottoman religious thought is divided into two essential schools named after Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī and Ibn Taymiyya. The Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī School is identified with Māturīdism, whereas Ottoman scholar Birgiwī Meḥmed Efendī (929-981/1523-1573) is considered a disciple of the Ibn Taymiyya School. Birgiwī’s madhhab is often described as Salafī, Ḥanbalī, Ashʿarī, or Māturīdī. This study assesses such claims using evidence from the sources whose attribution to Birgiwī is indisputable. An analysis of Birgiwī’s works clearly shows that he is a member of the Māturīdī School. Nevertheless, the study reveals the necessity of reviewing certain classifications, denominations, and generalizations. Based on Birgiwī’s extant works, this paper makes several objections to his being considered a representative or member of the Ibn Taymiyya School and demonstrates that Birgiwī is completely aligned with Māturīdī with regard to theological issues.

On the Probability of the Creation of the Ibn Taymiyya School of Ottoman Thought via Birgiwī Meḥmed Efendī – A Critical Approach

Keywords:

Birgiwī Meḥmed Efendī, Ibn Taymiyya, Salafism, Māturīdism, Ottoman religious thought, Birgiwī Meḥmed Efendī, Ibn Taymiyya, Salafism, Māturīdism Ottoman religious thought,

PDF

___

Aḥmad, ʿĀṭif Ibrāhīm, al-Birgiwī wa-ārāʾuhū l-kalāmiyya (MA thesis; Cairo: Jāmiʿat al-Qāhira, 2013), available at http://cu.edu.eg/ar/Cairo-University-Faculty-News-2489.html
Akyüz, Vecdi, “Preface”, in Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Ibn Taymiyya, Siyâset: es-Siyâsetü’ş-Şer‘iyye (translated into Turkish by Vecdi Akyüz; 2nd edn., Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 1999).
al-Āqḥiṣārī, Aḥmad al-Rūmī, Majālis al-abrār (the first fifty session), in ʿAlī Miṣrī Simjān Fawrā, [Study on] Majālis al-abrār (PhD dissertation; Medina: al-Jāmiʿa al-Islāmiyya, 2007).
al-Āqḥiṣārī, Aḥmad al-Rūmī [as el-Akhisârî, Ahmed er-Rûmî], Tütün İçmek Haram mıdır? Bir Osmanlı Risalesi [=Against Smoking: An Ottoman Manifesto] (translated by Mehmet Yavuz; İstanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2015).
ʿAlī ibn Bālī, al-ʿIqd al-manẓūm fī dhikr afāḍil al-Rūm [as an annex to al-Shaqāʾiq al-Nuʿmāniyya by Ṭāshkuprī-zāda] (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1975).
Āl al-Sheikh, Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm, al-Laʾālī l-bahiyya fī sharḥ al-ʿAqīda al-Wāsiṭiyya, 2 vols., (ed. ʿĀdil ibn Muḥammad Mursī Rifāʿī; Riyadh: Dār al-ʿĀṣima, 2010).
Arıcı, Mustakim, “İslâm Düşüncesinde Fahreddin er-Râzî Ekolü,” in Ömer Türker and Osman Demir (eds.), Fahreddin Râzî (Istanbul: İSAM Yayınları, 2013), 167-202.
Arslan, Ahmet Turan, “İmam Birgivî’ye Nisbet Edilen Bazı Eserler,” in İbrahim Gümüş (ed.), 1. Ulusal İslam Elyazmaları Sempozyumu (13-14 Nisan 2007) Bildiriler Kitabı (Istanbul: Türkiye Çevre Koruma ve Yeşillendirme Kurumu [TÜRÇEK], 2009), 175-182.
Arslantürk, Ayşe Hümeyra, “Nesefî, Necmeddin,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXXIII, 571-573.
ʿĀshiq Chalabī, Pīr Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad, Miʿrāj al-ʿiyāla wa-minhāj al-ʿadāla (MS Istanbul: Süleymaniye Library, Şehid Ali Paşa, 1556).
ʿAṭāʾī, Nawʿī-zāda, Ḥadāʾiq al-ḥaqāʾiq fī takmilat al-Shaqāʾiq (Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1989).
Bernand, Marie, “Le muḫtaṣar fī bayān al-iʿtiqād,” Annales Islamolo-giques 18 (1982), 1-33.
Birgiwī, Muḥammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī, Inqādh al-hālikīn in Aḥmad Hādī al-Qaṣṣār (ed.), Rasāʾil al-Birgiwī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2011), 49-81.
Birgiwī, Muḥammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī, Ziyārat al-qubūr in Aḥmad Hādī al-Qaṣṣār (ed.), Rasāʾil al-Birgiwī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2011), 153-182.
Birgiwī, Muḥammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī, al-Ṭarīqa al-Muḥammadiyya wa-l-sīra al-Aḥmadiyya (ed. Muḥammad Ḥusnī Muṣṭafā; Aleppo: Dār al-Qalam al-ʿArabī, 2002).
Birgiwī, Muḥammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī, Miḥakk al-ṣūfiyya (Istanbul: Maktabat Darsaʿāda, 1988).
Birgiwī, Muḥammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī [as Birgili Muhammed Efendi] Vasiyyetnâme: Dil İncelemesi, Metin, Sözlük, Ekler İndeksi ve Tıpkıbasım (ed. Musa Duman; Istanbul: Risale Yayınları, 2000).
Birgiwī, Muḥammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī, Dāmighat al-mubtadiʿīn (eds. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Sāyiḥ and Tawfīq ʿAlī Wahba; Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabiyya, 2010).
Bruckmayr, Philipp, “The Particular Will (al-irādat al-juzʾiyya): Excavations Regarding a Latecomer in Kalām Terminology on Human Agency and Its Position in Naqshbandi Discourse,” European Journal of Turkish Studies [Online] 13 (2011), 2-20, available at http://ejts.revues.org/4601
al-Bukhārī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, Fāḍiḥat al-mulḥidīn, in Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-ʿAwḍī, Fāḍiḥat al-mulḥidīn wa-nāṣiḥat al-muwaḥḥidīn (MA thesis; Mecca: Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā, 1414).
al-Būṭī, Muḥammad Saʿīd Ramaḍān, al-Salafiyya: marḥala zamaniyya mu-bāraka lā madhhab Islāmī (8th edn., Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 2006).
Cook, Michael, Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2004).
Currie, James Muhammad Dawud, “Kadizadeli Ottoman Scholarship, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, and the Rise of the Saudi State,” Journal of Islamic Studies 26 (3), 2015, 265-288, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jis/etv083
Çağrıcı, Mustafa, “Gazzâlî’nin İhyâ’sı ile Birgivî’nin Tarîkat-ı Muhammediyye’sinin Mukayesesi”, İslâmî Araştırmalar (Gazzâlî Özel Sayısı) 13/3-4 (2000) 473-478.
al-Dihlawī, Farīd al-Dīn ʿĀlim ibn al-ʿAlāʾ al-Indarapatī, al-Fatāwā l-Tātārkhāniyya, 23 vols., (ed. Shabbīr Aḥmad al-Qāsimī; Deoband: Maktabat Zakariyyāʾ, 2010).
Evstatiev, Simeon, “The Qāḍīzādeli Movement and the Revival of takfīr in the Ottoman Age,” in Camilla Adang, Hassan Ansari, Maribel Fierro, and Sabine Schmidtke (eds.), Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2015), 213-243, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004307834_010
Fawrā, ʿAlī Miṣrī Simjān, “Dirāsa” [Study on Majālis al-abrār by Aḥmad Rūmī (Aqhisārī)] (PhD dissertation; Medina: al-Jāmiʿa al-Islāmiyya, 2007), 1-44.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, Minhāj al-ʿābidīn ilā jannat Rabb al-ʿālamīn (ed. Maḥmūd Muṣṭafā Ḥalāwī; Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1989).
Ibn al-Bazzāzī, Ḥāfiẓ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Shihāb al-Kardarī al-Bazzāzī, al-Fatāwā l-Bazzāziyya [in the marginal note of al-Fatāwā l-Hindiyya fī madhhab al-Imām al-Aʿẓam Abī Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān], 6 vols., (Būlāq: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Kubrā al-Amīriyya, 1310).
Ibn Faqīh, ʿAbd al-Bāqī ibn ʿAbd al-Bāqī Ibn Faqīh Fiṣṣa al-Mawāhibī al-Ḥanbalī, al-ʿAyn wa-l-athar fī ʿaqāʾid ahl al-athar (ed. ʿIṣām Rawwās Qalʿajī; Damascus: Dār al-Maʾmūn li l-Turāth, 1987).
Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū l-Faraj ʿAbdurrahmān ibn ʿAlī, Talbīs Iblīs (ed. Sayyid al-Jumaylī; Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1994).
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad, Kitāb al-ṣalāt (ed. ʿAdnān ibn Ṣāfākhān al-Bukhārī; Mecca: Dār al-ʿĀlam al-Fawāʾid, 1431).
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql, 11 vols., (ed. Muḥammad Rashād Sālim; 2nd edn., Medina: Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad ibn Suʿūd al-Islāmiyya, 1991).
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, al-Īmān (ed. Muḥammad al-Zubaydī; Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1993).
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, Iqtiḍāʾ al-ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm li-mukhālafat aṣḥāb al-jaḥīm, 2 vols., (ed. Nāṣir ʿAbd al-Karīm al-ʿAql; Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1994).
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, Minhāj al-sunna al-Nabawiyya, 9 vols., (ed. Muḥammad Rashād Sālim; Riyadh: Muʾassasat Qurṭuba, 1986).
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, Majmūʿ fatāwā 37 vols., (ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Qāsim; Medina: Mujammaʿ al-Malik Fahd li-Ṭibāʿat al-Muṣḥāf al-Sharīf, 2004).
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, Siyâset: es-Siyâsetü’ş-Şer‘iyye (translated by Vecdi Akyüz; 2nd edn., Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 1999).
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm, al-Tadmuriyya: Taḥqīq al-ithbāt li-l-asmāʾ wa-l-ṣifāt wa-ḥaqīqat al-jamʿ bayna l-qadar wa-l-sharʿ (ed. Muḥammad ibn ʿAwda al-Saʿwī; Riyadh: Maktabat al-ʿUbaykān, 2000).
İzmirli, İsmail Hakkı, Yeni ʿIlm-i Kalām, 2 vols. in 1 vol., (Istanbul: Awqāf-i Islāmiyya Maṭbaʿasi, 1339-1341).
al-Janābī, Abū Muḥammad Muṣṭafā ibn Ḥusayn ibn Sinān, al-ʿAylam al-zākhir fī aḥwāl al-awāʾil wa-l-awākhir [also known as Tārīkh al-Janābī] (MS Istanbul, Nuruosmaniye Library, no. 3100).
al-Jīlānī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ ʿAbd Allāh, Sirr al-asrār wa-maẓhar al-anwār fī-mā yaḥtāju ilayhi l-abrār (eds. Khālid Muḥammad ʿAdnān al-Zarʾī and Muḥammad Ghassān Naṣūḥ ʿAzqūl; 4th edn., Damascus: Dār al-Sanābil, 1995).
Kalaycı, Mehmet, Tarihsel Süreçte Eşarilik-Maturidilik İlişkisi (Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2013).
Kara, İsmail, İlim Bilmez Tarih Hatırlamaz: Şerh ve Haşiye Meselesine Dair Birkaç Not (2nd edn., Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 2013).
Kātib Chalabī, Ḥājī Khalīfa Muṣṭafā ibn ʿAbd Allāh [as Kâtip Çelebi], Mîzânü’l-Hakk fî ihtiyâri’l-ehakk [=Mīzān al-ḥaqq fī ikhtiyār al-aḥaqq] (translated into Turkish by Orhan Şaik Gökyay and Süleyman Uludağ; Istanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi, 2008).
Kaylı, Ahmet, A Critical Study of Birgiwī Meḥmed Efendī’s (d. 981/1573) Works and Their Dissemination in Manuscript Form (MA thesis; Istanbul: Boğaziçi University, 2010).
al-Khādimī, Abū Saʿīd Muḥammad ibn Muṣṭafā ibn ʿUthmān, al-Barīqa al-Maḥmūdiyya fī sharḥ al-Ṭarīqa al-Muḥammadiyya, 4 vols. in 2 vols., (Istanbul: Shirkat-i Ṣaḥāfiyya-i ʿUthmāniyya, 1316).
Kırbaşoğlu, Mehmet Hayri, “Maziden Atiye Selefî Düşüncenin Anatomisi,” İslâmiyât (Kökencilik Özel Sayısı) 10/1 (2007), 139-160.
Koca, Ferhat, “Osmanlı Fakihlerinin Semâ, Raks ve Devrân Hakkındaki Tar-tışmaları,” Tasavvuf: İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 5/13 (2004), 25-74.
Kufrevî, Kasim, “Birgewī,” in: Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition, (eds. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W.P. Heinrichs; accessed June 16, 2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1434
Lekesiz, Hulusi, XVI. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Düzenindeki Değişimin Tasfiyeci (Püritanist) Bir Eleştirisi: Birgivî Mehmed Efendi ve Fikirleri (PhD dissertation; Ankara: Hacettepe University, 1997).
Lekesiz, Hulusi, “Osmanlı İlmi Zihniyeti: Teşekkülü, Gelişmesi ve Çözülmesi Üzerine Bir Tahlil Denemesi,” Türk Yurdu 21/49 (1991), 20-32.
Martı, Huriye, Birgili Mehmed Efendi’nin Hadisçiliği ve et-Tarîkatü’l-Muḥammadiyye: Tahkik ve Tahlil (PhD dissertation; Konya: Selçuk University, 2005).
Martı, Huriye, Birgivî Mehmet Efendi: Hayatı, Eserleri ve Fikir Dünyası (Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2008).
Martı, Huriye, Birgivî Mehmed Efendi: Osmanlı’da Bir Dâru’l-Hadis Şeyhi (Istanbul: Dârulhadis, 2008).
Martı, Huriye, “Tarîkat-ı Muhammediyye,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XL, 106-108.
Michot, Yahya, introduction to Against Smoking: An Ottoman Manifesto, by Aḥmad al-Rūmī al-Āqḥiṣārī (ed. and translated by Yahya Michot; Leicestershire: Interface Publications & Kube Publishing, 2010), 1-44.
al-Nasafī, Najm al-Dīn Abū Hafs ʿUmar, Risāla fī bayān madhāhib al-taṣawwuf in Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Risālat al-ithnay ʿashariyya fī l-radd ʿalā l-ṣūfiyya (ed. Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Tafrishī al-Darūdī; Qom: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿIlmiyya, 1400) 23-25, available at http://www.alhawzaonline.com/almaktaba-almakroaa/book/238-aqa'ed/0334-al%20ethna%203asharia/01.htm
al-Nasafī, Najm al-Dīn Abū Hafs ʿUmar, “Kitâb fî Mezâhibi’l-Mutasavvıfa [Kitāb fī madhāhib al-mutaṣawwifa]” (translated by Süleyman Uludağ), Diyanet Dergisi 18/3 (1979) 167-173.
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, Yeniçağlar Anadolu’sunda İslam’ın Ayak İzleri: Osmanlı Dönemi, Makaleler-Araştırmalar (Istanbul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2011).
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “Religious Secience and Ulema,” in Halil İnalcık and Günsel Renda (eds.), Ottoman Civilization (translated by Ellen Yazar and Priscilla Mary Işın; Ankara: Ministry of Culture, 2003), I, 243-265.
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “al-Ḥayāt al-dīniyya wa-l-fikriyya,” in Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (ed.) al-Dawla al-ʿUthmāniyya: tārīkh wa-ḥaḍāra, 2 vols., (translated into Arabic by Ṣāliḥ Ṣaʿdāwī; Istanbul: IRCICA, 1999), II, 153-298.
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “Ottoman Intellectual Life in the Classical Period,” in H. C. Güzel, K. Çiçek, and S. Koca (eds.), The Turks, 3 vols., (Ankara: Yeni Türkiye Publications, 2002), III, 743-755.
Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar, “İbn Kemâl’in Yaşadığı XV ve XVI. Asırlar Türkiye’sinde İlim ve Fikir Hayatı,” in S. Hayri Bolay, Bahaeddin Yediyıldız, and. M. Sait Yazıcıoğlu (eds.), Tokat Valiliği Şeyhülislam İbn Kemâl Araştırma Merkezi’nin Tertip Ettiği Şeyhülislâm İbn Kemâl Sempozyumu: Tebliğler ve Tartışmalar (2nd edn., Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 1989), 29-36.
al-Qushayrī, Abū l-Qāsim Zayn al-Islām ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn Hawāzin, al-Risāla al-Qushayriyya, 2 vols., (eds. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd and Maḥmūd ibn al-Sharīf; Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, n.d.).
Öngören, Reşat, “Osmanlılar Döneminde Semâ ve Devran Tartışmaları,” Tasavvuf: İlmî ve Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 11/25 (2010), 123-132.
Özcan, Tahsin, Osmanlı Para Vakıfları: Kanûnî Dönemi Üsküdar Örneği (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2003).
Qāḍī-zāda Aḥmad [as Kadızâde Ahmed], Birgivî Vasiyetnâmesi: Kadızâde Şerhi (simplified by A. Faruk Meyan; Istanbul: Bedir Yayınları, 2009).
Qāḍī-zāda Meḥmed [Muḥammad ibn Muṣṭafā ibn Muḥammad], Tāj al-rasāʾil wa-minhāj al-wasāʾil (MS Istanbul: Süleymaniye Library, Hacı Mahmut Efendi, no: 1926).
al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar, Munāẓarāt Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī fī bilād Māwarāʾ al-nahr (ed. Fatḥ Allāh Khulayf; Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, 1966).
El-Rouayheb, Khaled, Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Magh-reb (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
El-Rouayheb, Khaled, “From Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī (d. 1566) to Khayr al-Dīn al-Ālūsī (d. 1899): Changing Views of Ibn Taymiyya among Non-Ḥanbalī Sunni Scholars,” in Yossef Rapoport and Shahab Ahmed (eds.), Ibn Taymiyya and His Times (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010), 269-318.
El-Rouayheb, Khaled, “The Myth of ‘The Triumph of Fanaticism’ in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire,” Die Welt des Islams 48/2 (2008), 196-221, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006008X335930
al-Ṣaffār, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Bukhārī, Talkhīṣ al-adilla li-qawāʿid al-tawḥīd, 2 vols., (ed. Angelika Brodersen; Beirut: Orient Institut, 2011).
al-Saffārīnī, Abū l-ʿAwn Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Sālim al-Ḥanbalī, Lawāmiʿ al-anwār al-bahiyya wa-sawāṭiʿ al-asrār al-athariyya li-sharḥ al-Durra al-muḍiyya fī ʿaqd al-firqa al-marḍiyya, 2 vols., (2nd edn., Damascus: Muʾassasat al-Khāfiqīn wa-Maktabatuhā, 1982).
Sayyid ʿAlī-zāda, Mafātīḥ al-jinān: Sharḥ Shirʿat al-Islām (Istanbul: al-Maṭbaʿa al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1317).
al-Sharīf, Fuhayd ibn Manṣūr ibn Zāmil ibn Luʾayy, introduction to Aḥwāl aṭfāl al-muslimīn, by Birgiwī (MA thesis; Mecca: Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā,1434).
Sheikh, Mustapha, “Taymiyyan Influences in an Ottoman-Ḥanafī Milieu: The Case of Aḥmad al-Rūmī al-Āqḥiṣārī,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 25/1 (2015), 1-20.
Ṭarīqatchī Amīr Muṣṭafā, Farāʾid al-ʿaqāʾid al-bahiyya fī ḥall mushkilāt al-Ṭarīqa al-Muḥammadiyya (MS Istanbul: Nuruosmaniye Library, no: 2318)
al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Sharḥ al-Maqāṣid, 5 vols., (ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿUmayra; 2nd edn., Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1998)
al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Sharḥ al-Talwīḥ ʿalā l-Tawḍīḥ li-matn al-Tanqīḥ fī uṣūl al-fiqh, 2 vols., (ed. Zakariyyā ʿUmayrāt; Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1996)
Terzioğlu, Derin, Sufi and Dissident in the Ottoman Empire: Niyāzī-i Miṣrī, 1618-1694 (PhD dissertation; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1999).
Terzioğlu, Derin, “Bir Tercüme ve Bir İntihal Vakası: Ya da İbn Teymiyye’nin Siyāsetü’ş-Şer‘iyye’sini Osmanlıcaya Kim(ler), Nasıl Aktardı?” Journal of Turkish Studies: Türklük Bilgisi Araştırmaları 31/2 (2007), 247-275.
Terzioğlu, Derin, “Sunna-minded sufi preachers in service of the ottoman state: the naṣīḥatnāme of Hasan addressed to Murad IV,” Archivum Ottomanicum 27 (2010), 241-312.
Unan, Fahri “Dinde Tasfiyecilik Yahut Osmanlı Sünnîliğine Sünnî Muhâlefet: Birgivî Mehmed Efendi,” Türk Yurdu 36/382 (1990), 33-43.
al-ʿUrābī, Sulṭān ibn ʿUbayd ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Dāmighat al-mubtadiʿīn wa-kāshifat buṭlān al-mulḥidīn: Imām Muḥammad ibn Pīr ʿAlī ibn Is-kandar al-Birgiwī – Dirāsa wa taḥqīq – min awwal al-kitāb ilā qawlihī “wa-ammā thawāb al-ʿamal bi-l-sunna” (MA thesis; Mecca: Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurā, n.d.).
al-ʿUthaymīn, Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ, Sharḥ al-Wāsiṭiyya li-Sheikh al-islām Ibn Taymiyya (ed. Saʿd ibn Fawwāz al-Ṣumayl; 6th edn., Riyadh: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, 2000).
Wadādī (Widādī), Takmila-i tarjama-i Ṭarīqat-i Muḥammadiyya (Istanbul: Dār al-Salṭana, 1256).
Yılmaz, Hüseyin, The Sultan and the Sultanate: Envisioning Rulership in the Age of Süleymān the Lawgiver (1520-1566) (PhD dissertation; Ann Arbor: Harvard University, 2005).
Yüksel, Emrullah, Mehmed Birgivî’nin Dinî ve Siyasî Görüşleri (Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2011).
Yüksel, Emrullah, “Mehmed Birgivî,” Atatürk Üniversitesi İslâmî İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi 2 (1977), 175-185.
al-Zabīdī, Abū l-Fayḍ Muḥammad al-Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad, Itḥāf al-sāda al-muttaqīn bi-sharḥ Iḥyā ʿulūm al-dīn, 14 vols., (3rd edn., Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2002).
Zilfi, Madeline C., The Politics of Piety: the Ottoman Ulema in the Postclassical Age: 1600-1800 (Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1988).