Hindistan Eyaletlerinde Yönetişim: Eyaletler Arası ve Eyalet İçi Analizi

İyi yönetişim yapıları politika oluşturmayı geliştirebilir, ancak bu tür politikaların sonuçları, ulusal düzeyle karşılaştırıldığında eyalet düzeyinde farklılık gösterir. Yönetişim üzerine uluslararası ve ulusal düzeyde çok sayıda çalışma varken ulus altı düzeyde az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Literatürde çok sayıda kapsamlı yönetişim endeksi mevcuttur ancak yönetişimin kavramsallaştırılmasını ve operasyonelleştirilmesini uyumlu hale getirme ihtiyacı devam etmektedir. Bu çalışma, iyi yönetişim ilkelerini (Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı (UNDP, 1997) tarafından verildiği şekliyle), 2002-2016 dönemini içerecek şekilde üç Hindistan eyaleti için yönetişim endeksi oluşturmak üzere, 75 değişken içeren 8 alt-boyutta ele almaktadır. Üç eyalet, yani Haryana, Andhra Pradesh ve Bihar sırasıyla yüksek, orta ve düşük kişi başına Gayri Safi Eyalet Hasılasını (GSDP) temsil edecek şekilde seçilmiş ve yönetişim performanslarının eyaletler arası ve eyalet içi analizi ANOVA ile yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, Andhra Pradesh’in yönetişim performansının yüksek GSDP’ye sahip Haryana’nınkini aştığını, en az GSDP eyaleti Bihar’ın yönetişim performansının ise en kötü olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu, iyi yönetişim ve yüksek ekonomik büyümeye kıyasla zayıf yönetişim ile düşük GSDP arasında daha güçlü bir bağlantı olduğunu göstermektedir. Düşük büyüme gösteren eyaletler için yönetişim ve ekonomik büyümeyi iyileştirmeye yönelik politikalar kapsamlı ve bütünleşik bir yaklaşım izlemeli, yüksek büyüme gösteren devletler için ise yönetişimi iyileştirmeye yönelik politikalar ayrı yönetişim parametrelerine yönelik hedefli bir yaklaşım izlemelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yönetişim endeksi, Ekonomik büyüme, ANOVA, Hizmet sunumu, Alt ulusal

Governance in Indian States: An Inter and Intra State Analysis

Good governance structures can enhance policy making, but the outcomes of such policies differ at the state level as compared to the national level. While there are abundant international and nation level studies on governance, there are few studies on sub-national analysis. Numerous comprehensive indices of governance exist in the literature, but the need to harmonize conceptualization and operationalisation of governance remains. This paper takes principles of good governance categorized into sub-dimensions comprising 75 variables to construct governance index for three Indian states for the time period from 2002 to 2016. The three states i.e. Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar are selected to represent high, middle and low per capita Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) respectively and an inter-state and intra-state analysis of their governance performance is done using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey and Games-Howell post-hoc tests for pair-wise comparisons. Results show that governance performance of Andhra Pradesh exceeds that of high GSDP state Haryana, while that of least GSDP state Bihar is the worst. This suggests a stronger link between poor governance and low GSDP compared to good governance and high economic growth. Policies for improving governance and economic growth for low growth states should follow a comprehensive and unified approach, while for high growth states, policies to improve governance should follow a targeted approach towards separate governance parameters.

Keywords:

Governance Index, Economic growth, ANOVA, Service delivery, Sub-national,

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