Burak SÜRMEN, Hamdi Güray KUTBAY, Hakan YILMAZ

Parazit Çiçekli Bitkilerin Gelişimi ve Hayat Tipleri

Bitkiler âleminde önemli bir yeri işgal eden parazit çiçekli bitkiler, sahip oldukları farklı özelliklerden dolayı araştırıcıların ilgisini çekmişlerdir. Son yıllara kadar basit bir şekilde gruplandırılan bu bitkiler, biyoloji bilimindeki gelişmeler ışığında tekrar araştırılmaktadır. Morfolojik ve anatomik özelliklerinin yanı sıra zyolojileri ve hayat döngülerinin bazı aşamalarındaki farklılıklar yeniden dikkate alınan özelliklerdir. Yeryüzünün biyolojik çeşitliliğinde parazit çiçekli bitkiler, angiospermlerin yaklaşık %1’ini kapsar ve 22 angiosperm familyasında 20 cins ile yaklaşık 4000 bitki türüne sahiptir. Parazit çiçekli bitkilerin başlıca ayırt edici özelliği; konukçularına tutunmayı ve beslenmeyi sağlayan havstoryumlarıdır. Havstoryum yapılarının keş ve incelenmesi daha önce parazit bitkiler olarak tanımlanan birçok hetetro k bitki türünün farklı gruplarda değerlendirilmesine neden olmuştur. Parazit bitkilerin hayat döngülerinin tamamlanmasında konukçu organizmalar oldukça önemlidir. Tohum çimlenmesinden havstoryum oluşumuna, beslenme şekillerinden konukçu seçimine kadar birçok özelliğin konukçu- parazit arasındaki ilişkilere dayandığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca konukçu organizmalardan salınan farklı biyokimyasal uyarıcıların da parazit çiçekli bitkilerin gelişiminde etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Konukçuya bağımlılıklarına göre parazit bitkiler önceleri tam ve yarı parazit olarak gruplandırılmışsa da elde edilen yeni bulgularla daha detaylı bir gruplandırma yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Parazit çiçekli bitkiler, havstoryum, angiosperm, morfoloji

Development and Life Types of Parasitic Flowering Plants

Parasitic owering plants, occupied an important place in the kingdom of plants, have been interesting for researchers because they have different features. These plants have been classi ed in a very simple manner; however developments in the science of biology requires re-classi cation. Not only morphological and anatomical features but also differences in physiology and life cycle stages should be taken into account for re- classi cation. Parasitic owering plants represent about 1% of angiosperms plants in bio-diversity of the earth and they have got 22 angiosperm family and 270 genera, consequently have got approximately 4,000 parasitic owering plant species. The main distinguishing feature of parasitic owering plants is their “haustorium” which is plant parts for attachment to their hosts and penetration to host’s xylem and oem. Discovery and investigation of haustorium structure caused re-classi cation of some heterotrophic plants which were previously described as parasitic plants. Host plants are very important for completion of the parasitic plants life cycle. Parasitic-host plants interactions support seed germination, haustorium formation, nutrition types and selection of host. Different biochemical stimulant molecules are effective on these important processes. Parasitic plants were grouped by holo and hemiparasite previously depending on host cell dependencies but due to new ndings, they have been grouped again.

Keywords:

Parasitic owering plants, haustorium, angiosperm,

PDF

___

Atsatt, P.R., 1977. The insect herbivore as a predictive model in parasitic seed plan biology. American Naturalist, 111:579-586.
Barlow, B.A., Wiens, D., 1977. Host-parasite resemblence in Australian mistletoes: the case for cryptic mimicry. Evolution 31: 69-84.
Bidartondo, M.I., 2005. The evolutionary ecology of myco- heterotrophy. New Phytologist, 167: 335–352.
Bjorkmann, E., 1960. Monotropa hypopitys L, an epiparasite on tree roots. Physiologia Plantarum,13:308-327.
Bouwmeester, H.J., Matusova, R., Zhongkui, S., Beale, M.H., 2003. Secondary metabolite signalling in host-parasitic plant interactions. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 6: 358-364.
De Laubenfels, D.J., 1972. Flore de la Nouvelle Caledonia et Dependances. No. 4. gymnospermes. Muséum national d`histoire naturelle, Paris.
Furman, T.E.,Trappe, J.M., 1971. Phylogeny and ecology of mycotrophic achlorophyllous angiosperms. Quarterly Review Biology,46: 219-225.
Hull, R.J.,Leonard, O.A., 1964. Physiological aspects of parasitism in mistletoes (Arceuthobium and Phoradendron). 2. The photosynthetic capacity of mistletoes. Plant Physiology,39: 1008-1017.
Köpke, E., Musselman, L.J., De Laubenfels, D.J., 1981. Studies on the anatomy of Parasitaxus ustus and its root connections. Phytomoroptamgy, 31:85-92.
Kuijt, J., 1963. On the ecology and parasitism of the Costa Rican tree mistletoe, Gaiadendron punctatum (Ruiz and Pavón) G. Don. Canadian Journalof Botany,41: 927-938.
Kuijt, J., 1969. The Biology of Parasitic Flowering Plants. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
Kuo, J., Pate, J.S., 1990. Anatomy and ultrastructure of haustoria in selected West Australian parasitic angiosperms. In: Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress for Electron Microscopy. San Francisco Press, San Francisco, pp 690-691.
Kuo, J., Pate, J.S., Davidson, N.J., 1989. Ultrstructure of the haustorial interface and apoplastic continuum between host and the root hemi-parasites Olax phyllanthi (Labill.) R. Br. (Olacaceae). Protoplasma, 150:27-39.
Lynn, D.G., Steffens, J.C., Kamut, V.S., Graden, D.W., Shabonowitz, J., Riopel, J.L., 1981. Isolation and characterization of the rst host recognition substances for parasitic angiosperms. Journal of the American. Cyarıcal Society, 103:1868-1870.
Machado, M.A., Zetsche, K., 1990. A structural, functional and molecular analysis of plastids of the tamparsites Cuscuta re exa and Cuscuta europaea. Planta,181: 91-96.
Main, A., 1947. Arti cial propagation of Nuytsia oribunda. Western Australian Naturalist,1: 25-31.
Mann, W.F.J., Musselman, L.J., 1981. Autotrophic growth of southern root parasites.American Midland Naturalist,106: 203-205.
McGraw, H., 2008. Yearbook of Science & Technology. 251-253.
Menzies, B.P., Mckee, H.S., 1959. Root parasitism in Atkinsonia ligustrina (A. Cunn. ex F. Muell.) F. Muell. Linnean Society of New South Wales, 84: 118-127.
Netzly, D.H., Riopel, J.L., Ejeta, G., Butle,r L.G., 1988. Germination stimulants of witchweed (Striga asiatica) from hydrophobic root exudate of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Weed Science, 36:441-446.
Nickrent, D.L., 2002. Plantas parásitas en el mundo. Capitulo 2, pp. 7-27 In J. A. López-Sáez, P. Catalán and L. Sáez [eds.], Plantas Parásitas de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Mundi-Prensa Libros, S. A., Madrid.
Nickrent, D.L., Blarer, A., Qiu, Y.L., Russell, R.V., Anderson, F.E., 2004. Phylogenetic inference in Raf esiales: the in uence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer. BMC Evolutionary Biology,4:40 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-40.
Nickrent, D.L., Der, J.P., Anderson, F.E., 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the “Maltese mushroom” Cynomorium.BMC Evolutionary Biology, 5:38 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-38
Nickrent, D.L., Duff, R., Colwell, A., 1998. Molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of parasitic plants. In: Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Doyle JJ (eds) Molecular systematics of plants II: DNA sequencing. Kluwer, Boston, pp 211-241
Okonkwo, S.N.C., 1987. Developmental studies on witchweeds. Parasitic weeds in agriculture 1. Striga. Florida: CRC Press. pp. 63-74.
Pate, J.S., 2001. Haustoria in action: case studies of nitrogen acquisition by woody xylem-tapping hemi-parasites from their hosts. Protoplasma, 215:204-217.
Pate, J.S., Davidson, N.J., Kuo, J., Milburn, J.A., 1990a. Water relations of the root hemi-parasites Olax phyllanthi (Labill) R. Br. (Olacaceae) and its multiple hosts. Oecologia,84: 186- 193..
Pate, J.S., Kuo, J., Davidson, N.J., 1990b. Morptamgy and anatomy of the haustorium of the root hemi-parasites Olax phyllanthi (Olacaceae), with special reference to the haustorial interface. Annals of Botany,65: 425-436.
Press, M.C., 1989. Autotrophy and heterotrophy in root hemi- parasites. Trends in Evolution andEcology, 4:258-263.
Raven, J.A., 1983. Phytophages of ksilem and phloem: a comparison of animal and plant sap-feeders. Advances Ecological Research,13:135-234.
Sauerborn, J., 1991. The economic importance of the phytoparasites OrobancheandStriga. In: Ransom, J.K., Musselman, L.J., Worsham, A.D., Parker, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium of Parasitic Weeds. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 137-143.
Steffens, J.C., Lynn, D.G., Riople, J.L., 1986. An haustorial inducer for the root parasite Agalinis purpurea. Phytocyarıstry, 25:2291-2298.
Stewart, G.R., Press, M.C., 1990. The physiology and biocyarıstry of parasitic angiosperms. Annual Review of Plant Physiologyand Molecualar Biology, 41:127-151.
Visser, J.H., Dorr, I., Kollmann, R., 1984. The hyaline body of the root parasite Alectra orobanchoides Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) its anatomy, ultrastructure and histocyarıstry. Protoplasma, 121:146-156.
Weber, H.C., 1981. Untersuchungen an parasitishen Scrophulariaceen (Rhinanthoideen) in Kulture. I. Keimung und Entwicklungsweise. Flora,171: 23-38.
Woltz, P., Stockey, R.A., Gondran, M., Cherrier, J.F., 1994. Interspeci c parasitism in the gymnosperms: unpublished data on two endemic New Caledonian Podocarpaceae using scanning electron microscopy. Acta Botanica Gallica, 141(6/7):731-746.