COVID-19 Korkusu, Algılanan Bulaşabilirlik ve Aşısı Olma Niyeti Arasındaki İlişki

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Türkiye'deki COVID-19 virüsünün yeni varyasyonlarının görüldüğü dönemde üniversite lisans öğrencilerinin COVID-19 korku düzeylerini, COVID-19 bulaşabilirlik algılarını ve aşı olma niyetlerini değerlendirmek ve COVID-19 korkusunun aşı olma niyeti üzerine etkisinde COVID-19 bulaşabilirlik algısının aracılık rolünü tespit etmektir.Araştırmada üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde online temelli kesitsel araştırma tasarımı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini bir devlet üniversitenin tüm lisans öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada kolayda örnekleme yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Veriler online anket tekniği kullanılarak 557 öğrenciden toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 23 ve AMOS 26 paket programları kullanılmıştır.Araştırmanın bulguları, üniversite öğrencilerinin büyük çoğunluğunun COVID-19 korku düzeylerinin ve COVID-19 bulaşabilirlik algılarının yüksek olduğunu ve aşı olma niyetlerinin olumlu yönde arttığını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, çalışmanın ampirik sonucu COVID-19 korku düzeyi attıkça, COVID-19 aşı olma niyetinin de olumlu yönde arttığını ortaya koymuştur. Bunun yanı sıra COVID-19 bulaşabilirlik algısının, COVID-19 korkusu ile aşı olma niyeti arasındaki ilişkide önemli derecede dolaylı bir etkiye sahip olduğu ve tam bir arabuluculuk ettiği tespit edilmiştir.Bu araştırma, artan COVID-19 korku düzeyinin yüksek COVID-19 bulaşabilirlik algısı yoluyla aşı olma niyetini olumlu yönde artırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Dolayısıyla artan COVID-19 korku düzeyi ve yüksek COVID-19 bulaşabilirlik algısı, olumlu yönde artan aşı olma niyeti ile önemli ölçüde ilişkili bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

COVID-19, Korku, Bulaşabilirlik, Aşı, Yol Analizi

The Relationship between Fear of COVID-19, Perceived Infectability and Intention to Get Vaccinated

The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the COVID-19 fear levels, COVID-19 infectability perceptions, and intention to get vaccinated of university undergraduate students during the period when new variations of the COVID-19 virus are seen in Turkey. Along with, is to determine the mediating role of COVID-19 infectability perception with the effect of fear of COVID-19 on the intention to get vaccinated. In the research, it was used an online-based cross-sectional research design on university students. The universe of the research consisted of all undergraduate students of a state university. It was preferred the convenience sampling method in the study. The researchers collected data from 557 students using the online questionnaire technique. Researchers used IBM SPSS Statistic Base 23 V and AMOS package programs in the analysis of the data. The study's findings revealed that most university students had high COVID-19 fear levels and COVID-19 infectability perceptions, and their intention to be vaccinated increased positively. In addition, the empirical result of the study revealed that as the fear level of COVID-19 increased, the purpose to be immunized for COVID-19 increased positively. In addition, it was determined that the perception of COVID-19 infectability had a significant indirect effect and fully mediated the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and intention to get vaccinated. This research revealed that increasing COVID-19 fear level positively increases the intention to get vaccinated through the perception of high COVID-19 infectability. Therefore, increased COVID-19 fear level and high COVID-19 infectability perception were positively correlated with increased intention to get vaccinated.

Keywords:

COVID-19, Fear, Infectability, Vaccine, Path Analysis,

PDF

___

World Health Organization [Internet]. WHO director-general's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-Nov. 2020 February [cited 2021 March 03]. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020.
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L & Tong Y. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 382(13):1199-207.
John Hopkins University [Internet]. John Hopkins University COVID-19 map. 2020 March [cited 2021 March 10]. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html.
Tian, H., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Wu, C. H., Chen, B., Kraemer, M. U., ... & Dye, C. (2020). An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science, 368(6491), 638-642.
Matranga, D., Restivo, V., Maniscalco, L., Bono, F., Pizzo, G., Lanza, G., ... & Miceli, S. (2020). Lifestyle medicine and psychological well-being toward health promotion: a cross-sectional study on Palermo (Southern Italy) undergraduates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5444.
Kaddoura M, Ibrahim M, Hijazi G, Soudani N, Audi A & Alkalamouni H. (2020). COVID-19 Therapeutic Options Under Investigation. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 1196.
Wibawa, T. (2021). COVID‐19 vaccine research and development: ethical issues. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 26(1), 14-19.
Graham, B. S. (2020). Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development. Science, 368(6494), 945-946.
Bertin, P., Nera, K., & Delouvée, S. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Frontiers in psychology; 11, 2471.
Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., ... & Mahafzah, A. (2021). High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: a study in Jordan and Kuwait among other Arab countries. Vaccines, 9(1), 42.
Hughes, S., & Machan, L. (2021). It's a conspiracy: Covid-19 conspiracies link to psychopathy, Machiavellianism and collective narcissism. Personality and individual differences, 171, 110559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110559.
Caci B, Miceli S, Scrima F& Cardaci M.(2020). Neuroticism and fear of COVID-19. The interplay between boredom, fantasy engagement, and perceived control over time. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574393.
Knipe, D., Evans, H., Marchant, A., Gunnell, D., & John, A. (2020). Mapping population mental health concerns related to COVID-19 and the consequences of physical distancing: a Google trends analysis. Wellcome open research, 5. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15870.2.
Rajkumar RP. (2020).COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066.
Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M & Benedek DM.(2020). Public responses to Japan's novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4):281-82.
Reuken PA, Rauchfuss F, Albers S, Settmacher U, Trautwein C & Bruns T. (2020). Between fear and courage: Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour of liver transplantation recipients and waiting list candidates during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Transplantation, 20(11):3042–50.
Wang J, Zhou M & Liu F. (2020). Reasons for health care workers becoming infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(1):100-101.
Huang JZ, Han MF, Luo TD, Ren AK & Zhou XP.(2020). Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 38(3):192-195.
Scrima F, Miceli S, Caci B& Cardaci M.(2021). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and intention to get vaccinated. The serial mediation roles of existential anxiety and conspiracy beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 184(2022):111188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111188.
Head KJ, Kasting ML, Sturm LA, Hartsock JA & Zimet GD.(2020). A national survey assessing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination intentions: Implications for future public health communication efforts. Science Communication, 42(5):698–723.
Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD & Pakpour AH.(2020). The Fear of COVID-19 of COVID- 19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
Duncan LA, Schaller M & Park JH.(2009). Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(6):541–46.
Ling M, Kothe EJ & Mullan BA.(2019). Predicting intention to receive a seasonal influenza vaccination using Protection Motivation Theory. Social Science & Medicine, 233, 87-92.
Wang PW, Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Chen IH, Yen CF & Kuo YJ.(2021). Motivation to have COVID-19 vaccination explained Using an extended protection motivation theory among university students in China: The role of information sources. Vaccines, 9, 380.
Yahaghi R, Ahmadizade S, Fotuhi R, Taherkhani E, Ranjbaran M & Buchali Z. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived COVID-19 Infectability Supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Iranians’ Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated. Vaccines, 9, 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070684.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Byrne BM.(2001). Structural equation modelling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Munro BH. (2005). Statistical Methods For Health Care Research. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Brown TA.(2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford Press.
Hayes A. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). London: The Guilford Press.
van Bruggen V, Ten Klooster P, Westerhof G, Vos J, de Kleine E & Bohlmeijer E.(2017). The Existential Concerns Questionnaire (ECQ)–Development and initial validation of a new existential anxiety scale in a nonclinical and clinical sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(12):1692–703.
Brotherton R, French CC & Pickering AD.(2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279.
Detox M, Bruel S, Frappe P, Tardy B, Botelho-Nevers E & Gagneux-Brunon A.(2020). Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic. Vaccine, 38, 7002–6.
Qiao, S., Tam, C. C., & Li, X. (2022). Risk exposures, risk perceptions, negative attitudes toward general vaccination, and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among college students in South Carolina. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(1), 175-179.
Satici B, G.T. E, Deniz ME & Satici SA.(2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
Dsouza DD, Quadros S, Hyderabadwala ZJ & Mamun MA.(2020). Aggregated COVID-19 suicide incidences in India: Fear of COVID-19 infection is the prominent factor. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. psychres.2020.113145.
Rogers RW. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91, 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803.
Reuken PA, Rauchfuss F, Albers S, Settmacher U, Trautwein C & Bruns T. (2020).Between fear and courage: Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour of liver transplantation recipients and waiting list candidates during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Transplantation, 20(11):3042–50.
Makhanova A & Shepherd MA.(2020). Behavioural immune system linked to responses to the threat COVID-19 Personality and Individual Differences, 167, 110221.
Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J & Solomon S. (2005).The machine in the ghost: A dual-process model of defence against conscious and unconscious death-related thought. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, & S. M. Laham (Eds.), Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes (pp. 40–54). Cambridge University Press.
Arndt J, Schimel J & Goldenberg JL.(2003). Death can be good for your health: Fitness intentions as a proximal and distal defence against mortality salience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(8):1726–46.
Zhang KC, Fang Y, Cao H, Chen H, Hu T & Chen Y.(2021). Behavioral intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccination among Chinese factory workers: Cross-sectional online survey. J. Med. Internet Res, 23, e24673.