GİRİŞİMCİLİĞİN BELİRLEYENİ OLARAK GİRİŞİMSEL ÖZYETERLİLİK

Girişimciliğin gelişmiş ülkelerde ekonominin itici gücü olduğu istatistiklerde ortaya konulmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerde istihdamın yarısından fazlasını girişimcilik faaliyetleri oluşturmaktadır. Son yıllarda girişimciliğin belirleyenleri üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda bağlamsal faktörlere bir yönelim söz konusudur. Bağlamsal faktörlerin girişimciliği etkileme mekanizması olan girişimsel özyeterlilik Bandura’nın özyteterlilik çalışmalarından sonra ilgi çekmeye başlamıştır. Krueger’in girişimsel sürecin dinamiği olarak girişimsel niyeti ve arzuyu bağlamsal faktörler yoluyla ortaya koyması öz yeterlilik tanımının girişimsel özyeterlilik şeklinde değişmesine neden olmuştur. Planlanmış davranışlar modelinde Ajzen ve Fishbein davranışın sonuçlarının bireylerin göstereceği çaba ve performansı etkilediğini ifade etmektedir. Bireylerin davranışlarının sonuçlarını tahmin etme mekanizması olarak normların rol oynadığı göz önüne alınırsa bağlamsal fakörlerin girişimsel özyeterlilik üzerinden girişimcilik davranışını etkilediği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Girişimsel özyeterlilik, girişimcilik, norm

ENTREPRENEURIAL SELF EFFICACY AS PREDICTOR OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

It is revealed in statistics that entrepreneurship is the impetus of economy in developed countries. More than half of the employment is created by entrepreneurship in developed countries. There is trend of working on contextual factors as predictors of entrepreneurship in recent years. Entrepreneurial self efficacy as mechanism of action draws attention especially after Bandura’s Self efficacy studies. Krueger’s findings that reveal contextual factors as predictor of entrepreneurial intent and desire caused to change the meaning of self efficacy as entrepreneurial self efficacy. Ajzen and Fishbein suggest that the desire and performance of individual are predicted by outcomes of behaviors in model of planned behavior. Within the context of the individuals’s anticipating mechanism is predicted by norms it is thought that contextual factors predict entrepreneurial behavior via entrepreneurial self effficacy.

Keywords:

Entrepreneurial self efficacy, entrepreneurship, norm,

PDF

___

AJZEN, Icek and FISHBEIN, Martin. (2005), The influence of attitudes on behavior. The handbook of attitudes, 173(221), 31.
BANDURA, Albert. (1997), Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman, New York, NY.
BANDURA, Albert. (2001), “Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective”, Annual review of psychology, 52.1: 1-26.
BARON, Robert A. (1998), “Cognitive mechanisms in entrepreneurship: Why and when enterpreneurs think differently than other people”. Journal of Business venturing, 13.4: 275-294.
BARON, Robert A. (2004), “The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic “why” questions”, Journal of business venturing, 19.2: 221-239.
BAUGHN, CHRISTOPHER C., CAO, JOHNSON S. R., LE, LINH THI MY., LIM, VICTOR A. and NEUPERT, KENT E. (2006), “Normative, social and cognitive predictors of entrepreneurial interest in China, Vietnam and the Philippines”. Journal of developmental entrepreneurship, 11(01), 57-77.
BAUM, J. Robert., LOCKE, Edwin A. and SMITH, Ken G. (2001), “A multidimensional model of venture growth”. Academy of management journal, 44.2: 292-303.
BIRD, Barbara. (1988), “Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention”. Academy of management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
BAGOZZI, Richard P. and DHOLAKIA, Utpal. (1999), “Goal setting and goal striving in consumer behavior”. The Journal of Marketing, 19-32.
BOYD, Nancy G. and VOZIKIS, George S. (1994), “The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions”, Entrepreneurship theory and practice,18: 63-63.
BRYANT, Peter. (2007), “Self-regulation and decision heuristics in entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation and exploitation”, Management Decision, 45.4: 732-748.
BRYANT, Thomas A. and BRYANT, Joseph E. (1998), “Wetlands and entrepreneurs: Mapping the fuzzy zone between ecosystem preservation and entrepreneurial opportunity”, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 11: 112–134
BUSENITZ, Lowell W. And BARNEY, Jay B.(1997), “Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 12, pp. 9 -30
CAMPBELL, Charles A. (1992), “A decision theory model for entrepreneurial acts”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, pp. 21-27
CARSRUD, Alan., Krueger, N., BRÄNNBACK, Malin, Kickul, J., and Elfving, Jennie. (2007), “The family business pipeline: where norms and modeling make a difference”. In Academy of Management Conference.
CASSON, Mark. Casson, M. (1982), The entrepreneur: an economic theory, London, Gregg Revivals.
CHAO, Chena., GREENEB, Patricia and CRICKC, Ann (1998), “Does entrepreneurial self efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers”, Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316. CHOI, Young Rok and SHEPHERD, Dean A. (2004), “Entrepreneurs’ decisions to exploit opportunities”, Journal of management, 30.3: 377-395.
CONNELL, David J. (1999), Collective entrepreneurship: In search of meaning, http://www.djconnell.ca/articles/CollEntrep.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 13 Temmuz 2017.
COOPER, Arnold C., WOO, Carolyn Y. and DUNKELBERG, William C. (1988), “Entrepreneurs' perceived chances for success”, Journal of business venturing, 3.2: 97-108.
DRNOVSEK, Mateja., WINCENT, Joakim and CARDON, Melissa S. (2009), “Entrepreneurial Self Efficacy and Business Start-Up: Developing a Multi-Dimensional Definiton”, International Journal of Entreprenurial Behavior and Research, 16(4), 329-348.
DRUCKER, Peter F.(1985), “The Discipline of Innovation”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 63 (3), pp. 67-72.
DWECK, Carol S. and LEGGETT, Ellen L. (1988), “A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality”, Psychological review, 95.2: 256.
EDMONDSON, Ray. and EDMONSON, Ray. (2004). Audiovisual archiving: philosophy and principles (p. 40). Paris: Unesco.
ELFVING, Jennie; BRÄNNBACK, Malin and CARSRUD, Alan. (2009), Toward a contextual model of entrepreneurial intentions. In: Understanding the entrepreneurial mind. Springer New York, 2009. p. 23-33.
GEM (2017), “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2017 Report”, Global Entrepreneurship Research Association.
IVANOVA, Elissaveta and GIBCUS, Petra (2003), “ The Decision-making entrepreneur”, Business Policy and Research.
KICKUL, J., and KRUEGER, N. (2004). “A cognitive processing model of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intentionality”. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, 607-617.
KIRZNER, Israel. (1973), Competition and entrepreneurship, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
KNIGHT, Frank H. (1921), Risk, uncertainty and profit, Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
KOEN, Peter, MARKMAN, Gideon, BARON, Richard ve REILLY, Richard (2000), “Cognition and personalities as predictors of resource attainment among corporate entrepreneurs”, http:// www.lahvista.cz/ceconsortium.com/pdf/babson01.pdf
KORUNKA, Christian., FRANK, Hermann., LUEGER, Manfred. and MUGLER, Josef. (2003), “The entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources, environment, and the startup process—A configurational approach”. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 28(1), 23-42.
KROPP, Fredric., LINDSAY, Noel J. and SHOHAM, Aviv. (2008), “International Entrepreneurial orientation and international entrepreneurial business venture startup”, Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 102-17.
KRUEGER, Norris F. and BRAZEAL, Deborah V. (1994), Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18.
KRUEGER, Norris F. and BRAZEAL, Deborah V. (1994), “Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs”. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18: 91-91.
KRUEGER, Norris. (1993). “The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability”. Entrepreneurship: Theory and practice, 18(1), 5-22.
KRUEGER, Norris. F. (2000). “The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 5-23.
KRUEGER, Norris F., REILLY, Michael D. and CARSRUD, Alan L. (2000) “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions”. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, pp. 411-432.
LEVANDER, ANNA and RACCUIA, ISABELLA. (2001), Entrepreneurial Profiling – A cognitive approach to entrepreneurship, Stockholm, Stockholm Business School
LUTHANS, Fred., STAJKOVIC, Alexander D. and IBRAYEVA, Elina. (2000), “Environmental and psychological challenges facing entrepreneurial development in transitional economies”. Journal of World Business, 35(1), 95-110.
MARKMAN, Gideon D., BALKIN, David B. and BARON, Robert A. (2002). “Inventors and new venture formation: the effects of general self‐efficacy and regretful thinking” Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 27(2), 149-165.
MARTIN, L. L. and CLORE, G. (2001). Theories of cognition and affect.
MCCLELLAND, David C. (1967). Achieving society. Simon and Schuster.
MCGRATH, Rita Gunther., MACMILLAN, Ian C. and SCHEINBERG, Sari. (1992), “Elitists, risk-takers, and rugged individualists? An exploratory analysis of cultural differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs”, Journal of business venturing, 7.2: 115-135.
MELLAHI, Kamel. (2005), “The dynamics of boards of directors in failing organizations”, Long Range Planning, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 261-79.
PALICH, Leslie E. and BAGBY, D. Ray. (1995), “Using cognitive theory to explain entrepreneurial risk-taking: Challenging conventional wisdom”. Journal of business venturing, 10.6: 425-438.
RAUCH, Andreas and FRESE, Michael. (2007), “Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research: a meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits, business creation, and success”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 353-85.
ROTTER, Julian B. (1966), “Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcements”, Psychological Monographs, Vol. 80, Whole No. 609 SAY, J. Baptiste. (1817), Petit volume contenant quelques aperçus des hommes et de la société
SCHUMPETER, Joseph. (1934), Review of Robinson’s economics of imperfect competition, JPE
SEGAL, Gerry., BORGIA, Dan and SCHOENFELD, Jerry. (2002), “Using social cognitive career theory to predict self-employment goals”, New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 47.
SEXTON, Donald L. and BOWMAN, Nancy. (1985), “The entrepreneur: A capable executive and more”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 129-140
SHANE, Scott., LOCKE, Edwin A. and COLLINS, Christopher J. (2003), “Entrepreneurial motivation”. Human resource management review, 13(2), 257-279.
SHAPERO, Albert. (1975), The displaced, uncomfortable entrepreneur.
SHAPERO. Albert.. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. Vesper (Eds.), The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship. pp. 72-90. Englewood Cliffs, NY: Prentice Hall.
SHEPHERD, Dean A. (2003), “Learning from business failure: propositions for grief recovery for self-employed”. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 318-28.
SHOOK, Christopher L., PRIEM, Richard L. and MCGEE, Jeffrey E. (2003), “Venture creation and the enterprising individual: A review and synthesis”. Journal of management, 29.3: 379-399.
SIMON, Herbert A. (1979), “Rational decision-making in business organisations”, The American 40 Economic Review, Vol. 69 (4), pp. 493-513.
UCBASARAN, D., WESTHEAD, P. and HOWORTH, C. A. (2000), “Habitual entrepreneurs: human capital, opportunity search and learning”. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, available at: www.babson.edu/entrep/fer/I/IF/IF.htm
VENKATRAMAN, Sankaran. (1997), “The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research”. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 3.1: 119-138.
ZHAO, Hao., SEIBERT, Scott E. and HILLS, Gerald E. (2005), “The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions”. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 90 No. 6, pp. 1265-72.