Berna Madalı, Aylin Ayaz

9721

Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Aflatoksin M1: Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riskleri

Aflatoksinler, Aspergillus flavus (Asp.flavus) ve Aspergillus parasiticus (Asp. parasiticus) küfleri tarafından temel olarak üretilen yüksek düzeyde toksik sekonder metabolitlerdir. Özellikle karaciğere toksik etki gösteren bu mikotoksin grubu, başta tahıl ürünleri olmak üzere yanlış depolama sonucu birçok tahıl ürününde ve kontamine tahıl ürünlerini tüketen hayvanların yenilebilir dokularında bulunmaktadır. Yenilebilir hayvan dokuları arasında en fazla aflatoksin kalıntısı içeren süt ve süt ürünleri; yetişkinlerden daha duyarlı olan çocuk beslenmesinde de fazla miktarlarda tüketilmektedir. Bu yüzden süt ve süt ürünlerinde bulunan aflatoksinler, halk sağlığını tehdit eden önemli sorunlardan biridir. Ülkemizde piyasada satışa sunulan sütlerin aflatoksin düzeylerine yönelik yapılan çalışmaların sonuçlarına göre; Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği’nde belirtilen yasal limitleri aşmadığı fakat özellikle çocuklarda uzun süreli alımlarda sağlık için risk oluşturabileceği bildirilmektedir. Ayrıca sokak sütü olarak satılan çiğ sütlerin aflatoksin M1 düzeyinin, piyasada satılan sütlere göre daha fazla AFM1 içerdiği çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Aflatoksin besinlerde ve yemlerde tamamen yok edilemeyeceğinden, sağlık üzerine potansiyel riskleri minimize etmek ve diyetle aflatoksinlerin alımının en düşük düzeylerde tutulması için üretim-tüketim zincirinin her bir aşamasında iyi tarım uygulamalarının benimsenmesi ve önleyici tedbirlerin alınması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

Aflatoksin, süt ve süt ürünleri, maruziyet, aflatoksin metabolizması

Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products: Exposure and Health Risks

Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus (Asp.flavus) and Aspergillus parasiticus (Asp. Parasiticus) molds. This mycotoxin group, which is particularly toxic to liver, is found in many cereal crops during growth, harvest, post-harvest and improper storage and in edible tissues of animals consuming contaminating cereal products. Dairy products containing the most aflatoxin residues in edible animal tissues are consumed large quantities by consumers particularly children who are more vulnerable than. Thus, the AFM1 found dairy product is one of the important problems threatening public health. Studies on the AFM1 levels of commercially milk in Turkey is indicated that the AFM1 levels of dairy products do not exceed the acceptable maximum legal limits in the Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation but may pose a risk to health, especially during long term intakes in children. Studies have also shown that AFM1 levels of raw milk contain more AFM1 levels than those sold in the market. Because aflatoxins cannot be completely destroyed from foods and feeds, It is emphasized by the relevant experts that measures should be taken by countries to limit the intake of aflatoxins via diet to minimize potential risks to health and to limit the consumption of aflatoxin containing foods at levels that can not be reduced.
Keywords:

Aflatoxin, dairy product, exposure, aflatoxin metabolism,

PDF

___

  • Abbès, S., Salah-Abbès, J. B., Abdel-Wahhab, M. A., & Ouslati, R. (2010). Immunotoxicological and biochemical effects of Aflatoxins in rats prevented by Tunisian Montmorillonite with reference to HSCAS. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 32(3), 514-522.
  • Agag, B. (2004). Mycotoxins in foods and feeds: 1-aflatoxins. Ass. Univ. Bull. Environ. Res, 7(1), 173-205.
  • Arikan, L., & Çevik, D. (2012). Aflatoksinler ve Süt Teknolojisindeki Önemi. Aksaray Üniversitesi Aksaray Meslek Yüksek Okulu Süt Topluluğu, 71.
  • Armendáriz, C. R., Fernández, Á. J. G., Gironés, M. C. L. R., & de la Torre, A. H. (2014). Mycotoxins. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3 ed., pp. 424-427). Oxford: Academic Press.
  • Ayyildiz, T. (2012). Organik Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Varlığının Araştırılması. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Manisa.
  • Banu, N. & Muthumary, J. (2010). Taxol as chemical detoxificant of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus isolated from sunflower seed. Health, 2(07), 789.
  • Barrett, J. R. (2005). Liver cancer and aflatoxin: New information from the Kenyan outbreak. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(12), A837.
  • Barrett, M. J., Hurwitz, E. S., Schonberger, L. B., & Rogers, M. F. (1986). Changing epidemiology of Reye syndrome in the United States. Pediatrics, 77(4), 598-602.
  • Bbosa, G. S., Lubega, A., Kyegombe, D. B., Kitya, D., Ogwal-Okeng, J., & Anokbonggo, W. W. (2013). Review of the biological and health effects of aflatoxins on body organs and body systems. In M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh (Ed.), Aflatoxins - Recent Advances and Future Prospects (pp. 239-266). Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
  • Bennett, J. W. (2010). An overview of the genus Aspergillus: Caiser Academic Press, Portland.
  • Caloni, F., Stammati, A., Friggè, G., & De Angelis, I. (2006). Aflatoxin M 1 absorption and cytotoxicity on human intestinal in vitro model. Toxicon, 47(4), 409-415.
  • Cavaliere, C., Foglia, P., Guarino, C., Marzioni, F., Nazzari, M., Samperi, R., & Laganà, A. (2006). Aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1135(2), 135-141.
  • Consolandi, C., Cremonesi, P., Severgnini, M., Bordoni, R., Peano, C., Bellis, G. D., & Castiglioni, B. (2012). Array Platform for Food Safety and Quality. In N. Benkeblia (Ed.), OMICs Technologies: Tools for Food Science (pp. 13-57). USA: Taylor & Francis.
  • Coppock, R. W., Christian, R. R. G., & Jacobsen, B. J. (2012). Chapter 88 - Aflatoxins. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Veterinary Toxicology (Second Edition) (pp. 1181-1199). Boston: Academic Press.
  • Coppock, R. W., & M. Dziwenka, M. (2014). Mycotoxins. In R. C. Gupta (Ed.), Biomarkers in Toxicology (pp. 549-562). Boston: Academic Press.
  • Cotty, P. J., Probst, C., & Jaime-Garcia, R. (2008). Etiology and management of aflatoxin contamination. In J. F. Leslie (Ed.), Mycotoxins: Detection Methods, Management, Public Health and Agricultural Trade (pp. 287-300). USA: CABI.
  • Creppy, E. E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters, 127(1), 19-28.
  • Çelik, T. H., Sarimehmetoglu, B., & Kuplulu, O. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurised milk. Veterinarski Arhiv, 75(1), 57-65.
  • Denning, D. W., Allen, R., Wilkinson, A. P., & Morgan, M. R. (1990). Transplacental transfer of aflatoxin in humans. Carcinogenesis, 11(6), 1033-1035.
  • Deveci, O., & Sezgin, E. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 levels of skim milk powders produced in Turkey. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 13(2), 139-142.
  • Duarte, S. C., Pena, A., & Lino, C. M. (2011). Human ochratoxin A biomarkers-from exposure to effect. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41(3), 187-212.
  • Egmond, H. P., & Jonker, M. A. (2003). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Mycotoxin regulations in 2003 and current developments. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5499e/y5499e07.htm#bm07
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), (2004). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-y5499e.pdf
  • Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) (Temmuz 2013). Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and AflatoxinB1inFeeds(RaporNo:526).Retrievedfrom http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/nm_toxins/aflatoxin_m1_b1_fs526.pdf
  • Galvano, F., Galofaro, V., & Galvano, G. (1996). Occurrence and stability of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a worldwide review. Journal of Food Protection, 59(10), 1079-1090.
  • Henry, S. H., Bosch, F. X., Troxell, T. C., & Bolger, P. M. (1999). Reducing Liver Cancer, Global Control of Aflatoxin. Science, 286(5449), 2453-2454.
  • Hussein, H. S., & Brasel, J. M. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167(2), 101-134.
  • Iqbal, S. Z., Asi, M. R., & Ariño, A. (2013). Aflatoxins. In S. Maloy & K. Hughes (Eds.), Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (2 ed., pp. 43–47). USA: Institute of Molecular Scieces.
  • Jamali, M., Ebrahimi, M.-A., Karimipour, M., Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M., Dinparast-Djadid, N., Kalantari, S., Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. (2012). An insight into the distribution, genetic diversity, and mycotoxin production of Aspergillus section Flavi in soils of pistachio orchards. Folia Microbiologica, 57(1), 27-36. doi:10.1007/s12223-011-0090-5
  • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (t.y.). Risk analysis of mycotoxins by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2100t/x2100t04.htm
  • Kalantari, H., & Kalantari, G. (2007). Evaluation Of Aflatoxins Contamination In Baby Food Supplements (Mamana & Ghoncheh). Jundushapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products, 6(1), 42-50.
  • Kamkar, A. (2008). Detection of aflatoxin M1 in UHT milk sample by ELISA. J Vet Res, 63(2), 7-12.
  • Kamkar, A., Fallah, A. A., & Mozaffari Nejad, A. S. (2014). The review of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and dairy products produced in Iran. Toxin Reviews, 33(4), 160-168.
  • Kamkar, A., Khaniki, G. R. J., & Alavi, S. (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 8(2), 133-140.
  • Khlangwiset, P., Shephard, G. S., & Wu, F. (2011). Aflatoxins and growth impairment: a review. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 41(9), 740-755.
  • Lewis, L., Onsongo, M., Njapau, H., Schurz-Rogers, H., Luber, G., Kieszak, S., Misore, A. (2005). Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in eastern and central Kenya. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1763-1767.
  • Lizárraga-Paulín, E. G., Miranda-Castro, S. P., Moreno-Martínez, E., Torres-Pacheco, I., & Lara-Sagahón, A. V. (2013). Novel Methods for Preventing and Controlling Aflatoxins in Food: A Worldwide Daily Challenge. Aflatoxins-Recent Advances And Future Prospects, 93.
  • Mangipudy, R. S., & Mehendale, H. M. (2005). Aflatoxin. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (2 ed., pp. 54-55). USA: Academic Press.
  • Moon, E., Rhee, D., & Pyo, S. (1999). Inhibition of various functions in murine peritoneal macrophages by aflatoxin B1 exposure in vivo. International journal of immunopharmacology, 21(1), 47-58.
  • Mulunda, M., Bakunzi, F., Motsei, L., Ngoma, L., & Nyirenda, M. (2013). A Decade of Aflatoxin M1 Surveillance in Milk and Dairy Products in Developing Countries (2001-2011): A Review. In H. A. Makun (Ed.), Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries (pp. 39-60). Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
  • Neal, G., Eaton, D., Judah, D., & Verma, A. (1998). Metabolism and Toxicity of Aflatoxins M 1 and B 1 in Human-Derivedin VitroSystems. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 151(1), 152-158.
  • Pitt, J. I. (2014a). Mycotoxins: Aflatoxins. In Y. Motarjemi (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Food Safety (pp. 289-294). Waltham: Academic Press.
  • Pitt, J. I. (2014b). Mycotoxins: Mycotoxins – General. In Y. Motarjemi (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Food Safety (pp. 283-288). Waltham: Academic Press.
  • Raad, F., Nasreddine, L., Hilan, C., Bartosik, M., & Parent-Massin, D. (2014). Dietary exposure to aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol from a total diet study in an adult urban Lebanese population. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 73, 35-43.
  • Rahimi, E., Nilchian, Z., & Behzadnia, A. (2012). Presence of aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized and UHT milk commercialized in Shiraz, Khuzestan and Yazd, Iran. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 1(1).
  • Rahimi, E., Shakerian, A., Jafariyan, M., Ebrahimi, M., & Riahi, M. (2009). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk commercialized in Esfahan and Shahr-e Kord, Iran. Food Security, 1(3), 317-320.
  • Santini, A., Raiola, A., Ferrantelli, V., Giangrosso, G., Macaluso, A., Bognanno, M., . . . Ritieni, A. (2013). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, UHT milk and dairy products in Sicily (Italy). Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 6(3), 181-186.
  • Scussel, V. M. (2005). Aflatoxin and Food Safety: Recent South American Perspectives. In H. K. Abbas (Ed.), Aflatoxin and Food Safety (s. 39). USA: CRC Press.
  • Shephard, G., Van der Westhuizen, L., & Sewram, V. (2007). Biomarkers of exposure to fumonisin mycotoxins: a review. Food additives and contaminants, 24(10), 1196-1201.
  • Soubra, L., Sarkis, D., Hilan, C., & Verger, P. (2009). Occurrence of total aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in foodstuffs available on the Lebanese market and their impact on dietary exposure of children and teenagers in Beirut. Food additives and contaminants, 26(2), 189-200.
  • Tavakoli, H. R., Kamkar, A., Riazipour, M., Mozaffari Nejad, A., & Rafati, H. (2013). Assessment of aflatoxin M1 levels by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay in yoghurt consumed in Tehran, Iran. Asian J Chem, 25, 2836-2838.
  • Tirmenstein, M. A., & Mangipudy, R. (2014). Aflatoxin. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (pp. 104-106). Oxford: Academic Press.
  • Troxel, C. M., Reddy, A. P., O'Neal, P. E., Hendricks, J. D., & Bailey, G. S. (1997). In VivoAflatoxin B 1 Metabolism and Hepatic DNA Adduction in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 143(1), 213-220.
  • Trucksess, M. W., & Diaz-Amigo, C. (2011). Mycotoxins in Foods. In J. O. Nriagu (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (pp. 888-897). Burlington: Elsevier.
  • Tsakiris, I. N., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Alegakis, A. K., Vlachou, M. I., Renieri, E. A., & Tsatsakis, A. M. (2013). Risk assessment scenarios of children’s exposure to aflatoxin M1 residues in different milk types from the Greek market. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 56, 261-265.
  • Ulven, S. M., Kirkhus, B., Lamglait, A., Basu, S., Elind, E., Haider, T., Pedersen, J. I. (2011). Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers. Lipids, 46(1), 37-46.
  • Williams, J. H., Phillips, T. D., Jolly, P. E., Stiles, J. K., Jolly, C. M., & Aggarwal, D. (2004). Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(5), 1106-1122.
  • Yentür, G., & Er, B. (2011). Gıdalarda aflatoksin varlığının değerlendirilmesi. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 69(1), 41-52.
  • Yu, J. (2012). Current understanding on aflatoxin biosynthesis and future perspective in reducing aflatoxin contamination. Toxins, 4(11), 1024-1057.
  • Zain, M. E. (2011). Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15(2), 129-144.
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi-Cover
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2014
  • Yayıncı: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi
Arşiv
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

B12 Vitamini Desteği Otizimli Çocukların Tedavisinde Etkili midir?

Sümeyra Sevim, Aylin AYAZ

Süt ve Süt Ürünlerinde Aflatoksin M1: Maruziyet ve Sağlık Riskleri

Berna Madalı, Aylin Ayaz

Anne-Baba Çocuk İlişkileri: Bir Meta-Sentez Çalışması

Aslı KIRMAN, Özcan DOĞAN