Sağlık Hizmetleri Piyasasında Asimetrik Bilgiye Bağlı Problemler ve Çözüm Önerileri

Son yıllarda sağlık hizmetleri piyasası alanında yapılan teorik ve ampirik çalışmalara göre, sağlık harcamaları nispeten hızlı artış göstermektedir. Sağlık harcamalarındaki artışın temel nedenleri olarak; nüfusun yaşlanması, sağlık bilincinin artması, ileri teknoloji kullanımının yaygınlaşması gibi faktörler yanında özellikle asimetrik bilgiye bağlı problemlere dikkat çekilmektedir. Asimetrik bilgiye bağlı problemler; ters seçim, ahlaki tehlike ve arzın talep yaratmasıdır. Sağlık iktisatçıları ve politika yapıcılar asimetrik bilginin neden olduğu problemlere çözüm olarak; arz yanlı maliyet paylaşımı, talep yanlı maliyet paylaşımı ve karma ödeme sistemini önermektedirler. Araştırmacıların bir kısmı, sağlık piyasasındaki aktörlerin maliyete katlanmaları durumunda sağlık harcamalarında düşüş olacağını savunmaktadır. Diğer bir kısmı ise sağlık hizmetleri piyasasının kendine özgü kuralları ve piyasa yapısı nedeniyle uygulamanın başarılı olamayacağını ifade etmektedir. Sağlık hizmetleri piyasasında belirsizlik, asimetrik bilgi ve sağlık sigortası veri iken sağlık hizmetleri aşırı tüketilmekte ve maliyetler artmaktadır. Maliyet paylaşımı yaklaşımının başarılı olabilmesi, sağlık hizmetlerinin ölçülebilir ve değerlendirilebilir standart bir yapıya kavuşturulmasına bağlıdır

___

  • Abbring J. H.; Chiappori P. A.; Heckman J. J. and Pinquet J. (2003) “Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard in Insurance: Can Dynamic Data Help to Distinguish?”, European Economic Association, 1(3): 1-12.
  • Akerlof G. (1970) “The Market for Lemons: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”, Quarterly Journal of Economy, 84: 488-500.
  • Arrow K. J. (1963) “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care”, American Economic Review, 53: 941-973.
  • Blomqvist A. and Leger P. T. (2003), “Information Asymmetry, Insurance and the Decision to Hospitalize”, www.ntz.fas nus.edu.Org /ecs/pub /wp 0305pdf, [04.05.2007].
  • Cheng S. and Chiang T. (1997) “The Effect of Universal Health Insurance on Health care Utilization in Taiwan”, Journal of American Association, 278: 89-93.
  • Culyer A. J. (1983) The Political Economy of Social Policy, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Eggleston K. and Hsieh C. R. (2004), “Health Care Payment Incentives: A Comparative Analysis of Reforms in Taiwan, Korea and China”, Department www.ase.tufts.edu/econ [05.08.2006]. Economics Tufts University, Medford,
  • Eggleston K. (2004) “Competition, Altruism and Provider Payment”, Department www.asetufts.edu/econ. [02.07.2005]. Economics Tufts University, Medford,
  • Erdem R. ve Yıldırım H. H. (2003) “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Vekalet İlişkisi ve Arzın Talep Yaratması Problemi”, Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 6(2): 1-22. 10. European
  • Competitiveness Report (2007), www.ec.europa.eu/
  • enterprise/ict/index, [10.03.2007].
  • Farley D. E. (1985) “Competition Among Hospitals: Market Structure and its Relation to Utilization, Costs and Financial Position”, National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment.
  • Feldstein M. S. (1973) “The Welfare Loss of Excess Health Insurance”, Journal of Political Economy, 81: 251-80.
  • Flood C. (2001) “International Experience With Managed Care, Managed Competition www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-E/SOCI-E/rep- e/volume3ver3-e.pdf, [01.06.2007]. Lessons From Canada”,
  • Frank R. G.; Glazer J. and McGuire T. (1997) “Measuring Adverse Selection in Managed Health Care”, Journal of Health Economics, 19: 829-854.
  • Fuchs V. R. and Zeckhauser R. (1987) “Valuing Health A Priceless Commodity”, American Economic Review, 77(2): 5-27.
  • Fuchs V. R. (1978) “The Economics of Physician and Patient Behavior”. The Journal of Human Resources, XIII. In Joseph N. (ed.) University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
  • Gaynor M. (1994) “Issues in the Industrial Organization of the Market for Physician Services”, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, (3): 211-255.
  • Gaynor M. (2006) “What Do We Know About Competition and Quality in Healthcare Markets?”, Carnegie Mellon University: 1-40.
  • Gaynor M. and Haas-Wilson D. (1998) “The Blessing and the Curse of Managed Care: Vertical Relations in Health Care Markets”, American Enterprise Institute Press.
  • Gaynor M. and Vogt W. B. (1999) “Antitrust and Competition in Health Care Markets”, Rand Journal of Economics: 1-42.
  • Gerdtham U. G. and Jonsson B. (2000) “International Comparisons of Health Expenditure”, Handbook of Health Economics, 1: 11-53.
  • Hemenway D. and Fallon D. (1985) “Testing for Physician-Induced Demand with Hypothetical Cases”, Medical Care, 23(4): 344-349.
  • Hickson G. B.; Altemeier W. A. and Perrin J. M. (1987) “Physician Reimbursement by Salary or Fee-For-Service: Effect on Physician’s Practice Behaviour in a Randomized Prospective Study”, Pediatrics, 80: 744-750.
  • Kornai J. and Eggleston K. (2001) “Choice and Solidarity: the Health Sector in Eastern Europe and Proposal for Reform”, International Journal of Health care Finance and Economics, 1: 59-84.
  • Krasnick A., Groenewegen P. and Pedersen P. (1990) “Changing Reimbursement System: Effect on Activity in General Practice”, British Medical Journal, 360: 1698-1701.
  • Kurtulmuş S. (1998) Sağlık Ekonomisi ve Hastane Yönetimi. Değişim Dinamikleri Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Miyazaki H. (1977) “The Rat Race and Internal Labor Markets”, Bell Journal of Economics, 8: 394-418.
  • Montefiori M. (2004) “Patient Behavior in the Market for Hospital Services”, www.disefin.unige.it/finanza/WP%5Cn42003.pdf [12.08.2006].
  • Mukamel B. D.; Zwanziger J. and Bamezai A. (2002) “Hospital Competition, Resource Allocation and Quality of Care”, BMC Health Services Research, 2(10): 1-9.
  • Newhouse J. P. (2002) Pricing the Priceless: A Health Care Conundrum, MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • Noguchi H. and Shimizutani S. (2005) “Supplier Induced Demand in Japan’s At-home Care Industry: Evidence From Micro-Level survey on Care Receivers”. www.esri.go.jp/jp/archive/e_dis/e_dis150/e_dis148a.pdf [15.06. 2007].
  • Normand C. (1991) “Economics, Health, and Economics of Health”, BMJ, 303: 21-28.
  • Pauly M. V. (1968) “The Economics of Moral Hazard: Comment”, American Economic Review, (58): 531–537.
  • Rothschild M. and Stiglitz J. (1976) “Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90(4): 629-649.
  • Saatçi M. ve Ecevit E. (2007) “Tüberküloz Hastalığının Ekonomik Yükü: Nuh Naci Yazgan Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesi’nde Bir Uygulama”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22: 217-229.
  • Schneider U. (2004) “Asymmetric Information and the Demand for Health Care - the Case of Double Moral Hazard”, www.129.3.20.41/ eps/hew/papers/0409 [21.03. 2006].
  • Schneider U. and Ulrich V. (2002) “Asymmetric Information and Outcome-Based Compensation in Health Care - Theoretical Implications”, www.papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm [12.04. 2006].
  • Schneider U. and Ulrich V. (2005) “The Physician-Patient Relationship Revisited: 0505/0505001.pdf [07.01. 2007]. View”,
  • www.129.3.20.41/eps/hew/papers/
  • Shmanske S. (1996) “Information Asymmetries in Health Services: The Market Can Cope”, The Independent Review, 1(2): 191-200.
  • Spence M. (1978) “Product Differentiation and Performance in Insurance Markets”, Journal of Public Economics, 10: 427-447.
  • Weisbrod B. A. (1991) “Competition in Health Care: A Cautionary View”, Institute For Research on Poverty Discussion Paper, University of Wisconsin: 678-81.
  • WHO (2007), http/www.who.int/nha/Pie-2007-Large.pdf [11.10.2007].
  • Wilensky G. R. and Rossiter L. F. (1983) “The Relative Importance of Physician-Induced Demand in the Demand for Medical Care”, Health and Society, 61(2): 252-277.