OTONOM SİLAH SİSTEMLERİNİN İNSANCIL HUKUKUN TEMEL İLKELERİNE UYGUNLUĞUNUN SAĞLANMASINDA ANLAMLI İNSAN KONTROLÜNÜN ETKİSİ

Otonom silah sistemleri, uluslararası düzeyde kabul edilmiş tek tip bir tanımı bulunmasa da bağımsız olarak hareket edebilen ve genel olarak bir insan unsuruna ihtiyaç duymadan hedef belirleyip gerektiğinde bu hedefe saldırabilen sistemler şeklinde tanımlanabilir. Bu sistemler, teknolojik ilerlemeye bağlı olarak, silahlı çatışmalarda kullanım amacıyla artan bir talep oranına sahiptir. Bu silah sistemlerinin askeri insan gücünün kullanılamayacağı veya askeri insan gücünü kullanmanın yürütülen çatışma bakımından dezavantaj teşkil edebileceği yerlerde devreye girebilme olanağı, ilerleyen teknolojiyle birlikte daha da geliştirilebilme potansiyeli ve kullanım kolaylığı gibi hususlar devletler tarafından tercih edilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu şekilde, artan ilgiyle birlikte otonom silah sistemlerinin silahlı çatışmalardaki konumu, uluslararası hukuk bakımından yeni bir tartışma ve çalışma alanı yaratmıştır. Otonom silah sistemleri her ne kadar niteliği gereği insansız kullanıma elverişli olsa da şu ana kadar çoğunlukla insan kontrolü altında kullanılmıştır. Otonom silah sistemlerinin silahlı çatışmalarda kullanılması, silahlı çatışmalara ilişkin uluslararası hukuk kuralları bakımından çeşitli sorun ve sakıncalar doğurabilme potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu çerçevede incelenmesi gereken temel meseleler arasında, otonom silah sistemlerinin silahlı çatışmalar hukukunun ayrım gözetme, orantılılık gibi bazı temel ilkeleri karşısındaki durumu ve söz konusu silahlar üzerinde hangi seviyedeki insan kontrolünün bu kontrolü anlamlı (meaningful) kılacağı sorunu sayılabilir. Bu çalışmada otonom silah sistemleri konusundaki tartışmalar ele alınacak, anlamlı insan kontrolünün otonom silah sistemleri bakımından önemi ve bu tür silah sistemlerinin kullanımının silahlı çatışmalar hukukuna uygunluğu bakımından anlamlı insan kontrolünün hangi seviyelerde olması gerektiği uluslararası insancıl hukuk kapsamında değerlendirilecektir. Ayrıca anlamlı insan kontrolü kavramıyla beraber düşünüldüğünde otonom silah sistemlerinin silahlı çatışmalarda yer almasının genel bağlamda avantajlı olup olmadığı tartışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Otonomi, Otonom Silah Sistemleri, İnsancıl Hukuk, İnsan Kontrolü, Silahlı Çatışmalar

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