Savaşı Dersliklere Taşımak: Akademide Savaş Oyunlarından Nasıl İstifade Edilebilir?

Savaş oyunları tarihin erken devirlerinden beri dünyanın farklı yerlerinde, farklı şekillerde ortaya çıkmış ve günümüzde kullanılan halini 19’uncu yüzyılın başlarında Prusya’da almıştır. 20’nci yüzyılın ortalarına kadar profesyonel askerî öğretimde ve orduların harbe hazırlık faaliyetlerinde kullanılan savaş oyunları, 1950’lerde askerî tarih temalı hobi oyunlarının yaygınlaşmasıyla akademide kendisini göstermeye başlamış, 1970’lerde akademik maksatlı analitik savaş oyunları oynanmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle 2000’li yıllardan itibaren akademide kısıtlı da olsa kendine yer bulan ve kürsülerde bir ders konusu haline gelen savaş oyunları günümüzde kendi başına bir akademik disiplin olmaya doğru ilerlemektedir. Bu oyunlar özellikle askerî tarih ve uluslararası ilişkiler alanında akademik maksatla git gide daha yoğun biçimde oynanmaktadır. Ancak Türk akademisi çeşitli sebeplerden ötürü savaş oyunlarına yabancı kalmıştır. Buna rağmen savaş oyunlarından Türk akademisinde de istifade edilmesi için girişimlerde bulunulmuş olup, denenmesi halinde olumlu sonuç verebilecek belli yöntemler olduğu görülmüştür. Makalede bu yöntemlerden bahsedilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Savaş Oyunları, Kriegsspiel, Serbest Savaş Oyunları, Matris Oyunları, Hobi Savaş Oyunları, Askerî Tarih

Bringing War to the Classroom: How Can Wargames be Utilized in Academia?

Wargames have been present in various parts of the world in different forms since the early periods of history. The version used today emerged in the early 19th century in Prussia. Until the mid-20th century, wargames were primarily used in professional military education and training. However, with the widespread popularity of hobby games having military history themes, wargames began to make their presence felt in academia in the 1950s and academic wargames began to be played for educational and analytic purposes in the 1970s. Especially from the 2000s onwards, wargames have found a limited but growing place in academia and have become a subject of study in classrooms, moving towards becoming an independent academic discipline. These games are increasingly played for academic purposes, particularly in the fields of military history and international relations. However, Turkish academia has remained somewhat distant from wargames for various reasons. Nevertheless, positive outcomes have been obtained by experimenting with wargames in Turkish academia. This article evaluates the potential methods for Turkish academics to make use of wargames for academic purposes.

Keywords:

Wargames, Kriegsspiel, Free Kriegsspiel, Matrix Wargames, Hobby Wargames, Military History,

PDF

___

BAŞ Mehmet Fatih (2022). “Savaş Çalışmaları Disiplininin Laboratuvarı: Savaş Oyunları”, (ed.) Mesut Uyar, Savaş Çalışmaları El Kitabı, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul, 318-370.
BIDDLE Stephen D. (2004). Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle, Princeton University Press, Oxford.
BURNS Shawn (2015). War Gamer’s Handbook: A Guide for Professional War Gamers, Naval War College, Newport.
CITINO Robert M. (2016). “Lessons From the Hexagon: Wargames and the Military Historian”, (ed.) Pat Harrigan ve Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, Zones of Control, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 2016, s. 439-445. COX Richard (1974). “The Invaders Reach Berkshire”, The Daily Telegraph Magazine, 497, 14-21.
COX Richard (1977). Operation Sealion, Presidio Press, San Rafael.
CURRY John (2021). Paddy Griffith’s Wargaming Operation Sealion: The Game that Launched Academic Wargaming, (Kindle Edition).
CURRY John ve PERLA Peter (2012). Peter Perla’s The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists, Lulu, Raleigh.
CURRY John ve PRICE Tim (2014). Matrix Games for Modern Wargaming, Developments in Professional and Educational Wargames Innovations in Wargaming Volume 2, Lulu, Raleigh.
CURRY John ENGLE Chris ve PERLA Peter (2018). The Matrix Games Handbook: Professional Applications from Education to Analysis and Wargaming, Lulu, Raleigh.
Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre (2017). Wargaming Handbook, Ministry of Defence, Swindon.
DUNNIGAN James F. (1992). The Complete Wargames Handbook: How to Play, Design and Find Them, Quill Publishing, New York.
DUPUY Trevor N. (1985). Numbers, Predictions and War: Using History to Evaluate Combat Factors and Predict the Outcome of Battles, Hero Books, Fairfax.
Genelkurmay Başkanlığı (2011). MS 76 (A) TSK Müşterek Askeri Terimler Sözlüğü, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara.
GRIFFITH Paddy (2009). Saprawling Wargames: Multiplayer Wargaming, Lulu, Raleigh.
HIZLI Hurşit (2014). “Simülasyon ve Kara Kuvvetlerinde Eğitim Maksatlı Simülasyon Uygulamaları”, Kara Kuvvetleri Dergisi, 45, 38-44.
LANCHESTER Frederick William (1916). Aircraft in Warfare: The Dawn of the Fourth Arm, Constable and Company Limited, London.
LIVERMORE William Roscoe (1882). The American Kriegsspiel. A Game for Practicing the Art of War Upon a Topographical Map, Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston.
MACDONNELL J. R. (1884). The Tactical War Game: A Translation of General v. Verdy du Vernois’ “Beitrag zum Kriegsspiel”, William Clowes and Sons Limited, London.
NATO (2019). AAP-06 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions, NATO Standardization Office, Brussels.
NATO (2023). NATO Wargaming Handbook, Allied Command Transformation, Norfolk.
Ömer Kâmil (1883). “Harb Oyunu”, Mecmua-i Fünûn-ı Askeriyye, 3/13, 68-84.
PALMER Nicholas (1980). The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Sphere Books, London.
PERLA Peter (1990). The Art of Wargaming, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis.
PERLA Peter (2016). “Operations Research, System Analysis, and Wargaming: Riding the Cycle of Research”, (ed.) Pat Harrigan ve Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, Zones of Control, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
PETERSON Jon Peterson (2016). “A Game Out of All Proportions”, (ed.) Pat Harrigan ve Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, Zones of Control, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
SABIN Philip (2012). Simulating War: Studying Conflict Through Simulation Games, Continuum Books, London.
SABIN Philip (2015). “Wargaming in Higher Education: Contributions and Challenges”, Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, 14:4, 329-348.
SABIN Philip (2016). “Wargames as an Academic Instrument”, (ed.) Pat Harrigan ve Matthew G. Kirschenbaum, Zones of Control, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
UYSAL, Şahin Ünsal (2023). Wargaming and Military Innovation: Preparing the Future Forces, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Millî Savunma Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
VALERIANO Brandon ve JENSEN Benjamin (2022). “Wargaming for Social Science”, (ed.) Sebastian J. Bae, Forging Wargamers: A Framework for Professional Military Education, Marine Corps University Press, Quantico, 193-214.
VEGO Milan (2012). “German Wargaming”, Naval War College Review, 65, 106-147.
Von HILGERS Philipp (2012). War Games: A History of War on Paper, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
“Combat Mission Professional Edition”, https://pro.matrixgames.com/game/ combat-mission-professional-edition, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Command Professional Edition”, https://pro.matrixgames.com/game/command-professional-edition, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Conventional Wargames”, http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/paddygriffith/wargames.htm, erişim 10.09.2023.
Çağlar Kurç, GamIR, https://www.youtube.com/@GamIR-POLS, erişim 10.09.2023.
Dr. David Banks, https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/david-banks, erişim 10.09.2023.
“GU Wargaming Society”, https://www.guwargaming.org/, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Introduction to Matrix Games”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= YLiQWnfzG1E, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Matrix Games Download Page”, http://www.mapsymbs.com/wdmatrix1.html, erişim 10.09.2023.
Mehmet Fatih Baş, “Assessing Wargaming in Turkey”, https://divergentoptions.org/ 2021/06/21/assessing-wargaming-in-turkey/, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Pluie De Balles – Complex Wargames in the Classroom”, https://analoggamestudies.org/ 2018/09/pluie-de-balles-complex-wargames-in-the-classroom/, erişim 10.09.2023.
“POLI452 Conflict Simulation”, https://www.mcgill.ca/politicalscience/files/ politicalscience/poli_452-brynen-w22-course_outline.pdf, erişim. 10.09.2023.
Professor Philip Sabin, https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/professor-philip-sabin, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Rules”, https://kriegsspiel.org/rules/, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Sandhurst-Free Kriegsspiel”, https://www.professionalwargaming.co.uk/160604-KriegsspielDSNotes-Mouat-O.pdf, erişim 10.09.2023.
Tom Lamont (30.09.2023), https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/sep/30/ what-would-happen-if-russia-invaded-finland-i-went-to-a-giant-war-game-in-london-to-find-out, erişim 30.09.2023.
Tom Mouat, Practical Advice on Matrix Games, http://www.mapsymbs.com/ PracticalAdviceOnMatrixGames.pdf, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Wargaming Network”, https://www.kcl.ac.uk/research/wargaming-network, erişim 10.09.2023.
“Wargaming”, Krulak Center Newsletter, 14, 2022, https://www.usmcu.edu/ Portals/218/Krulak%20Newsletter%20-%20Issue%2014.pdf, erişim 10.09.2023.

ISSN: 1305-4740
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
Başlangıç: 2005
Yayıncı: Millî Savunma Üniversitesi Atatürk Stratejik Araştırmalar ve Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü