Zamanında doğan bebeklerde kafa içi kanama; bir takip çalışması

Giriş: Bu çalışmanın amacı, zamanında doğan bebeklerde kafa içi kanamalar ile ilişkili risk faktörleri, klinik belirtiler ve sonuçların belirlenmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Dr. Sami Ulus Kadın Doğum ve Çocuk Hastanesi Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde 2005 ile 2010 tarihleri arasında kafa içi kanama tanısı alan zamanında doğmuş bebekler geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. Olgular ultrasonografi, bilgisayarlı tomografi veya manyetik rezonans görüntüleme ile tanı aldı. Ortalama 36 ay takip edilen bebekler nörolojik açıdan değerlendirmeye alındı. Bulgular: Kafa içi kanaması olan 14 bebek tanımlandı. Olguların yarısı yaşamın ilk haftası içerisinde tanı almıştı (7/14) ve en yaygın klinik bulgu nöbetti (8/14). Kanama sıklıkla ventrikül içi (9/14) ve subaraknoid (7/14) yerleşimli idi, ancak 8 bebekte iki veya daha fazla kanama alanı mevcuttu. Olguların büyük çoğunluğunda (11/14) kafa içi kanamaya neden olan veya katkıda bulunan bir risk faktörü mevcuttu. Sadece bir hastada cerrahi girişim gerekti. İki hasta yenidoğan döneminde, ağır engelli diğer bir hasta ise 10 aylıkken kaybedildi. Yaşayanlardan ikisi ağır, biri ise hafif nörogelişimsel gerilik gösterdi. Kalan 8 hastanın nörolojik gelişimleri normal seyretti. Sonuç: Zamanında doğan bebekte kafa içi kanama sıklıkla bir perinatal risk faktörü ile ilişkilidir. Şiddetli kanamalarda bile nörogelişimsel sonuç iyi olabileceğinden, uzun dönem sonucu öngörmek zordur.

Intracranial hemorrhage in full term infants; A follow-up study

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors related to, clinical presentation and outcome of intracranial hemorrhage among full-term newborn infants. Materials and Methods: Full-term newborn infants who were diagnosed with intracranial hemorrhage in the neonatal intensive care unit of Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children s Hospital, between 2005 and 2010, were reviewed retrospectively. Cases were diagnosed with ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging. The infants followed an average of 36 months had been underwent neurologic evaluations. Results: Fourteen full-term infants with intracranial hemorrhage were identified. The half of cases presented within the first week of life (7/14), and the most common presenting sign was seizure (8/14). Bleeding were placed frequently intraventricular (9/14) and subarachnoid (7/14), while 8 patients had two or more hemorrhage areas. The majority of cases (11/14) had a causal or contributory risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage. Only one patient required neurosurgical intervention. Two patients died during the neonatal period, and another with severely handicapped at ten months of age. Of the survivors, two patients showed severe neurodevelopmental delay, while one patient showed mild. The remaining 8 patients had a favorable outcome. Conclusions: Intracranial hemorrhage in the term newborn is usually associated with perinatal risk factors. Because of neurodevelopmental outcome may surprisingly be normal, despite severe hemorrhage, the long-term outcome is difficult to predict.

___

  • 1. Hanigan WC, Powell FC, Miller TC, Wright RM. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in full-term infants. Childs Nerv Syst 1995;11:698-707.
  • 2. Højberg AS, Ebbesen F, Lund EB, Agerholm H. Neurodevelopmental outcome in full-term infants with symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage of unknown aetiology. Dan Med Bull 1997;44:439-42.
  • 3. Fenichel GM, Webster DL, Wong WK. Intracranial hemorrhage in the term newborn. Arch Neurol 1984;41:30-4.
  • 4. Gupta SN, Kechli AM, Kanamalla US. Intracranial hemorrhage in term newborns: management and outcomes. Pediatr Neurol 2009;40:1-12.
  • 5. Baumert M, Brozek G, Paprotny M, Walencka Z, Sodowska H, Cnota W, et al. Epidemiology of peri/intraventricular haemorrhage in newborns at term. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008;59(Suppl 4):67-75.
  • 6. Sandberg DI, Lamberti-Pasculli M, Drake JM, Humphreys RP, Rutka JT. Spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage in fullterm neonates. Neurosurgery 2001;48:1042-9.
  • 7. Jhawar BS, Ranger A, Steven DA, Del Maestro RF. A follow-up study of infants with intracranial hemorrhage at full-term. Can J Neurol Sci 2005;32:332-9.
  • 8. Jocelyn LJ, Casiro OG. Neurodevelopmental outcome of term infants with intraventricular hemorrhage. Am J Dis Child 1992;146:194-7.
  • 9. Whitby EH, Griffiths PD, Rutter S, Smith MF, Sprigg A, Ohadike P, et al. Frequency and natural history of subdural haemorrhages in babies and relation to obstetric factors. Lancet 2004;363:846-51.
  • 10. Jhawar BS, Ranger A, Steven D, Del Maestro RF. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage among full-term infants: a casecontrol study. Neurosurgery 2003;52:581-90.
  • 11. Yalaz K, Epir S. The Denver Developmental Screening Test: normative data for Ankara children. Turk J Pediatr 1983;25:245-58.
  • 12. Sachs BP, Acker D, Tuomala R, Brown E. The incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in term appropriate-forgestation- age infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1987;26:355-8.
  • 13. Towner D, Castro MA, Eby-Wilkens E, Gilbert WM. Effect of mode of delivery in nulliparous women on neonatal intracranial injury. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1709-14.
  • 14. Looney CB, Smith JK, Merck LH, Wolfe HM, Chescheir NC, Hamer RM, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in asymptomatic neonates: prevalence on MR images and relationship to obstetric and neonatal risk factors. Radiology 2007;242:535-41.
  • 15. Mercuri E, Dubowitz L, Brown SP, Cowan F. Incidence of cranial ultrasound abnormalities in apparently well neonates on a postnatal ward: correlation with antenatal and perinatal factors and neurological status. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998;79:F185-9.
  • 16. Erol FS, Özveren MF, Akdemir İ, Topsakal C, Yakar H. Yenidoğanda geç dönemde K vitamini eksikliğine bağlı oluşan kafa içi kanamalar. Türk Nöroşirürji Dergisi 2004;14:22-6.
  • 17. İncecik F, Hergüner MÖ, Saygun Ö, Özcan K, Yıldızdaş D, Altunbaşak Ş. Yenidoğanın geç hemorajik hastalığı ile ilişkili kafa içi kanama. Erciyes Tıp Dergisi 2007;29:31-4.
  • 18. Roland EH, Flodmark O, Hill A. Thalamic hemorrhage with intraventricular hemorrhage in the full-term newborn. Pediatrics 1990;85:737-42.
  • 19. Wu YW, Hamrick SE, Miller SP, Haward MF, Lai MC, Callen PW, et al. Intraventricular hemorrhage in term neonates caused by sinovenous thrombosis. Ann Neurol 2003;54:123-6.
  • 20. Berfelo FJ, Kersbergen KJ, van Ommen CH, Govaert P, van Straaten HL, Poll-The BT, et al. Neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis from symptom to outcome. Stroke 2010;41:1382-8.
  • 21. Bergman I, Bauer RE, Barmada MA, Latchaw RE, Taylor HG, David R, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage in the full-term neonatal infant. Pediatrics 1985;75:488-96.
  • 22. Blankenberg FG, Norbash AM, Lane B, Stevenson DK, Bracci PM, Enzmann DR. Neonatal intracranial ischemia and hemorrhage: diagnosis with US, CT, and MR imaging. Radiology 1996;199:253-9.
  • 23. Mercuri E, Cowan F, Rutherford M, Acolet D, Pennock J, Dubowitz L. Ischaemic and haemorrhagic brain lesions in newborns with seizures and normal apgar scores. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1995;73:F67-74.
  • 24. Tekgul H, Gauvreau K, Soul J, Murphy L, Robertson R, Stewart J, et al. The current etiologic profile and neurodevelopmental outcome of seizures in term newborn infants. Pediatrics 2006;117:1270-80.
  • 25. Jordan LC, Kleinman JT, Hillis AE. Intracerebral hemorrhage volume predicts poor neurologic outcome in children. Stroke 2009;40:1666-71.
  • 26. Beverley DW, Smith IS, Beesley P, Jones J, Rhodes N. Relationship of cranial ultrasonography, visual and auditory evoked responses with neurodevelopmental outcome. Dev Med Child Neurol 1990;32:210-22.