Yaşlılarda Basınç Yaralanması Risk Faktörleri
Uygun bakım planlamaları ile önlenebilen basınç yaralanmaları, özellikle fiziksel olarak sınırlı veya yatağa bağımlı yaşlılarda yaygın bir sağlık problemidir. Yaşın ilerlemesi sonucu diğer tüm organ sistemlerinde olduğu gibi, derinin tüm düzeylerinde yaşlanma ile ilişkili değişiklikler oluşur. Hareketsizlik, beslenme eksikliği ve çoklu sistemlerdeki bozulmaların kronik hastalıklarla birleşmesi neticesinde yaşlılarda yaşlanan cildin kırılganlığı artmaktadır. Demans, serebrovasküler hastalık veya Alzheimer hastalığı gibi nörolojik hastalıklarda gözlemlenebilen değişik düzeylerdeki duyusal algılama bozuklukları, ajitasyon veya mobilizasyon bozuklukları yaşlı bireyin basınç yaralanması riskini arttırır. Bunun yanında mikroorganizmalara karşı koruyuculuğun, kollajen yapımının ve immün yanıtın azalması yaşlı bireyde basınç yaralanmalarının oluşumunu tetikleyen ve yara tedavisini olumsuz etkileyen ek faktörlerdir. Yaşlılarda basınç yaralanması riskini arttıran bir diğer faktör ise malnütrisyondur. Gerek ev ortamında gerekse sağlık hizmeti sunan kurumlarda yaşlı bireyde malnütrisyon gelişme ihtimali yüksektir. Enerji ve sıvı alımındaki yetersizlikler, vitamin ve mineral eksiklikleri ile birleşerek doku bütünlüğünün devamlılığının sağlanmasını olumsuz yönde etkiler. Basınç yaralanmaları meydana geldiğinde tedavisi zor ve maliyetlidir. Oluşan yaralanma hastanın ve hasta yakınlarının günlük yaşamını etkileyen ve hastayı sosyal izolasyona sürükleyebilen bir problem haline gelebilmektedir. İleri evre basınç yaralanmaları kronik yaralar halini alarak yaşamının kalan kısmında yaşlı bireyin rehabilitasyon ihtiyacını arttırabilir. Yaşlı bireyin basınç yaralanması bakımı; hastanın, hasta yakınlarının ve sağlık hizmet sunucularının iş yükünü arttırırken, maddi kayıplara neden olmaktadır.Yaşlılarda basınç yaralanması yaklaşımının birinci basamağı basınç yaralanmalarının oluşmadan önlenmesidir. Önlemenin anahtarı ise yaşlı bireylerin basınç yaralanması riski oluşturan faktörleri doğru şekilde tanımlamak, kanıta dayalı önleyici bakım tedbirlerini planlamak ve uygulamaya sokmaktır. Bu makalede cilt yaşlanması, yaşlılığa eşlik eden hastalıklar, bilişsel bozukluklar, beslenme yetersizlikleri gibi yaşlılarda basınç yaralanması gelişimine neden olan risk faktörleri incelecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
Basınç yaralanması, hemşirelik, yaşlı, risk değerlendirmesi
Pressure Injury Risk Factors in Elderly
Pressure injuries that can be prevented by appropriate care planning are a common health problem especially in physically limited or bed-bound elderly. As a result of the progression of age, as with all other organ systems, aging-related changes occur at all layers of the skin. As a result of the combination of immobility, nutritional deficiency and disruption of multiple systems with chronic diseases, the fragility of the aging skin of the elderly increases. Sensory perception disturbances, agitation or limited mobility at different levels that can be observed in dementia, cerebrovascular disease or neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease increase the risk of pressure injury to the elderly. In addition, protection against microorganisms, collagen synthesis, and reduced immune response are additional factors that trigger the formation of pressure injuries in the elderly and adversely affect wound treatment. Malnutrition is another factor that increases the risk of pressure injury in the elderly. Malnutrition is a high probability of development in elderly people in both home and health care institutions. The inadequacies in energy and fluid intake, negatively affect the continuity of tissue integrity combined with vitamin and mineral deficiencies. When pressure injuries occur, treatment is difficult and costly. The resulting injury can become a problem that affects the daily life of the patient and his / her relatives and may lead the patient to social isolation. Advanced stage pressure injuries can become chronic wounds and may increase the rehabilitation needs of the elderly person in the rest of life. Pressure injury care of the elderly increases the workload of the patient, patient relatives, and health service providers and causes financial losses.The first step of the pressure injury approach in the elderly is to prevent pressure injuries before they occur. The key to prevention is to correctly identify the factors that create the risk of pressure injury for elderly individuals, to plan and implement evidence-based preventive care measures. In this article, it will be examined the risk factors that cause pressure injury in the elderly such as skin aging, diseases concomitant with old age, cognitive disorders and nutritional deficiency.
Keywords:
Pressure injury, nursing, elderly, risk assessment,
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- Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 3 Sayı
- Başlangıç: 2018
- Yayıncı: Geriatrik Bilimler Derneği
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler
Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Hemşirelerin Yaşlılara Yönelik Tutumları
Zeynep DEMİRTAŞ, Ramazan SAĞLAN, Didem ARSLANTAŞ, Alaettin ÜNSAL
Yaşlılarda Basınç Yaralanması Risk Faktörleri
Yaşlılık ve Toplumsal Dışlanma
Nesrin ÇUNKUŞ, Gülay TAŞDEMİR YİĞİTOĞLU, Ebru AKBAŞ
Gaziantep İlinde Yaşlı Hastalarda Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı
Necla BENLİER, Burak ŞAHİN, Muhammed Enes GÖĞER, Elif SEZAL, Dilahan SANKIR, Ayşe Kübra PAMUKİÇİ, Berfin SONGURTEKİN, Büşra DENİZ, Berkan ÜLGEY, Furkan Sinan GÜRKAN, Tanyeli GÜNAYLİGİL, Özlem SORAN