2016 Yılı 6 Mw ≥ 7.0 Depremin İyonküre Değişimlerinin İncelenmesi

Çalışmada, orta enlem bölgesinde 2016 yılında meydana gelen büyüklüğü 7’den yüksek 6 depremin deprem öncesi, deprem günü ve deprem sonrası olmak üzere 15 günlük zaman aralığında iyonküre değişimleri CODE-GIM’den elde edilen deprem dış merkezine ait toplam elektron içeriği (TEİ) değerleri ile incelenmiştir. İyonkürede meydana gelen aykırılıkları ve anormal günleri belirlemek amacıyla çeyrek açıklık tabanlı kayan ortanca yöntemi kullanılmıştır. 15 günlük dönemde elde edilen TEİ değerlerinden üst ve alt sınırı geçen zaman aralıkları sırasıyla pozitif ve negatif anormal gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen anormal günlerdeki aykırılıkların sismik kaynaklı olduğu düşüncesini güçlendirmek amacıyla iyonküre uzay iklim koşullarını temsil eden Dst, Kp jeomanyetik ve F10.7 güneşsel indisleri ilgili zaman aralıklarında incelenmiştir. Hareketli ve sakin günler belirlenerek sakin günlere denk gelen aykırılıkların sismik kaynaklı olabileceği ön planda tutulmuştur. 6 depremin 5’inde deprem öncesi aykırılıklara rastlanmıştır. Buna göre başarı oranı %80’dir. İlgili günlerdeki iyonküre uzay iklim koşullarının sakin olmasında dolayı belirlenen aykırılıkların sismik kaynaklı olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

CODE-GIM, Deprem, İyonküre, Toplam elektron içeriği

PDF

___

Afraimovich, E.L., Astafieva, E.I., Gokhberg, M.B., Lapshin, V.M., Permyakova, V.E., Steblov, G.M., Shalimov, S.L. (2004). Variations of the total electron content in the ionosphere from variations of the total electron content in the ionosphere from GPS data recorded during the Hector Mine earthquake of October 16, 1999, California. Russian J. Earth Sci., 6(5), 339-354.
Antsilevich, M. G. (1971). The influence of Tashkent earthquake on the earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere, Tashkent earthquake 26 April 1966. FAN Publ., 187-188.
Arıkan, F., Deviren, M.N., Lenk, O., Sezen, U., Arıkan O. (2012). Observed Ionospheric Effects of 23 October 2011 Van, Turkey Earthquake. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 3(1), 1-8.
Calais, E., Minster, J.B. (1995). GPS detection of ionospheric perturbations following the January 17, 1994, Northridge earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22(9), 1045-1048.
Ciraolo, L., Azpilicueta, F., Brunini, C., Meza, A., Radicella, S.M. (2007). Calibration errors on experimental slant total electron content (TEC) determined with GPS. J. Geod., 81(2), 111-120.
Datchenko, E.A., Ulomov, V.I., Chernyshova, C.P. (1972). Electron density anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earthquake, Dokl. Uzbek. Acad. Sci., 12, 30-32.
Davies, K., Baker, D.M. (1965). Ionospheric effects observed around the time of the Alaskan earthquake of March 28, 1964. J. Geophys. Res., 70(9), 2251-2253.
Dogan, U., Ergintav, S., Skone, S., Arslan, N., Oz, D. (2011). Monitoring of the ionosphere TEC variations during the 17th August 1999 Izmit earthquake using GPS data. Earth Planets Space, 63(12), 1183-1192.
Forbes, J.M., Palo, S.E., Zhang, X. (2000). Variability of the ionosphere. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62(8), 685-693.
Gokhberg, M.B. (1983). Strong acoustic wave action. ESA Special Publication, 195, 99-110.
Hayakawa, M., Fujinawa, Y. (Eds.) (1994). Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Predication. Terra Sci. Pub. Co., Tokyo, 667.
Hayakawa, M., Molchanov, O.A. (Eds.) (2002). Seismo Electromagnetics: Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling. TERRAPUB, Tokyo, 477.
Hayakawa, M., Kasahara, Y., Nakamura, T., Muto, F., Horie, T., Maekawa, S., Hobara, Y., Rozhnoi, A.A., Solovieva, M., Molchanov, O.A. (2010). A statistical study on the correlation between lower ionospheric perturbations as seen by subionospheric VLF/LF propagation and earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res., 115, A09305.
Hsiao, C.C., Liu, J.Y., Oyama, K.I., Yen, N.L., Liou, Y.A., Chen, S.S., Miau, J.J. (2010). Seismo-ionospheric precursor of the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake observed by FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC. GPS Solution, 14(1), 83-89.
Hunsucker R.D., Hargreaves J.K. (2003). The High-Latitude Ionosphere and Its Effects on Radio Propagation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Kaladze, T.D., Pokhotelov, O.A., Shah, H.A., Khan, M.I., Stenflo, L. (2008). Acoustic-gravity waves in the Earth's ionosphere. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 70(13), 1607-1616.
Klimenko, M.V., Klimenko, V.V., Karpov, I.V., Zakharenkova, I.E. (2011). Modeling of seismoionospheric effects initiated by internal gravity waves. Russ. J. Phys. Chem., 30(5), 41-49.
Le, H., Liu, J.Y., Liu, L. (2011). A statistical analysis of ionospheric anomalies before 736 M6.0+ earthquakes during 2002-2010. J. Geophys. Res. A: Space Phys., 116, A02303.
Leonard, R.S., Barnes, R.A. (1965). Observation of ionospheric disturbances following the Alaskan earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. 70(5), 1250-1253.
Liu Z., Gao Y. (2004). Ionospheric TEC predictions over a local area GPS reference network, GPS Solutions. 8(1), 23-29.
Liu, J.Y., Chuo, Y.J., Shan, S.J., Tsai, Y.B., Chen, Y.I., Pulinets, S.A., Yu, S.B. (2004). Pre-earthquake-ionospheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements. Ann. Geophys., 22(5), 1585-1593.
Liu, J.Y., Chen, Y.I., Chuo, Y.J., Chen, C.S. (2006). A statistical investigation of preearthquake ionospheric anomaly. J. Geophys. Res., 111, A05304.
Liu, J.Y., Chen, Y.I., Chen, C.H., Liu, C.Y., Chen, C.Y., Nishihashi, M., Li, J.Z., Xia, Y.Q., Oyama, K.I., Hattori, K., Lin, C.H. (2009). Seismoionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12 May 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. J. Geophys. Res., 114, A04320.
Liu, J.Y., Chen, C.H., Chen, Y.I., Yang, W.H., Oyama, K.I., Kuo, K.W. (2010). A statistical study of ionospheric earthquake precursors monitored by using equatorial ionization anomaly of GPS TEC in Taiwan during 2001-2007. J. Asian Earth Sci., 39(1), 76-80.
Menvielle M. (2001). The Geomagnetic Indices: Derivation, Meaning, and Availability, Space Weather Workshop: Looking Towards a Future European Space Weather Programme, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 17-19 September 2001.
Ouzounov, D., Pulinets, S., Romanov, A., Romanov, A., Tsybulya, K., Davidenko, D., Kafatos, M., Taylor, P. (2011). Atmosphere-ionosphere response to the M9 Tohoku earthquake revealed by multi instrument space-borne and ground observations: Preliminary results. Earthq Sci, 24(6), 557-564.
Parrot, M. (2012). Statistical analysis of automatically detected ion density variations recorded by DEMETER and their relation to seismic activity. Ann. Geophys., 55(1), 149-155.
Pulinets, S.A., Legen'Ka, A.D., Gaivoronskaya, T.V., Depuev, V.K. (2003). Main phenomenological features of ionospheric precursors of strong earthquakes. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 65(16), 1337-1347.
Pulinets, S.A., Boyarchuk, K.A. (2004). Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes, Springer, Berlin.
Pulinets, S.A., Ouzounov, D., Karelin, A.V., Boyarchuk, K.A., Pokhmelnykh, L.A. (2006). The physical nature of thermal anomalies observed before strong earthquakes. Phys. Chem. Earth., 31(4), 143-153.
Pulinets, S.A. (2009). Physical mechanism of the vertical electric field generation over active tectonic fault. Adv. Space Res., 44(6), 767-773.
Pulinets, S.A., Bondur, V.G., Tsidilina, M.N., Gaponova, M.V. (2010). Verification of the concept of seismoionospheric coupling under quiet heliogeomagnetic conditions, using the Wenchuan (China) earthquake of May 12, 2008, as an example. Geomagn. Aeron., 50(2), 231-242.
Rozhnoi, A., Solovieva, M., Molchanov, O., Biagi, P.F., Hayakawa, M. (2007). Observation evidences of atmospheric Gravity Waves induced by seismic activity from analysis of subionospheric LF signal spectra. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7(5), 625-628.
Sarkar, S., Gwal, A.K. (2010). Satellite monitoring of anomalous effects in the ionosphere related to the great Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008. Nat. Hazards, 55(2), 321-332.
Schaer, S., Gurtner, W., Feltens, J. (1998). IONEX: The ionosphere map exchange format version 1. In Proceedings of the IGS AC workshop, Darmstadt, Germany (Vol. 9, No. 11).
Sorokin, V.M., Chmyrev, V.M., Yaschenko, A.K. (2006). Possible DC electric field in the ionosphere related to seismicity. Adv. Space Res., 37(4), 666-670.
Toutain, J.P., Baubron, J.C. (1998). Gas geochemistry and seismotectonics: A review. Tectonophysics, 304(1), 1-27.
Tsolis, G.S., Xenos, T.D. (2010). A qualitative study of the seismo-ionospheric precursor prior to the 6 April 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila, Italy. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10(1), 133-137.
Weaver, P.F., Yuen, P.C., Prolss, G.W., Furumoto, A.S. (1970). Acoustic coupling into the ionosphere from seismic waves of the earthquake at Kurile Islands on August 11, 1969. Nature, 226(5252), 1239-1241.
Xia, C., Yang, S., Xu, G., Zhao, B., Yu, T. (2011). Ionospheric anomalies observed by GPS TEC prior to the Qinghai-Tibet region earthquakes. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 22(2), 177-185.
Xu, T., Hu, Y., Wu, J., Wu, Z., Li, C., Xu, Z., Suo, Y. (2011). Anomalous enhancement of electric field derived from ionosonde data before the great Wenchuan earthquake. J. Adv. Space Res., 47(6), 1001-1005.
Zakharenkova, I.E., Shagimuratov, I.I., Tepenitzina, N.Y., Krankowski, A. (2008). Anomalous modification of the ionospheric total electron content prior to the 26 September 2005 Peru earthquake. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 70(15), 1919-1928.