Gemi Tasarımında Paradigma Değişikliği: Balastsız Gemi

Geleneksel gemi inşa yaklaşımının vazgeçilmez bir bileşeni olması nedeniyle gemiler her yıl, ticari ürünlerin yanı sıra milyarlarca ton balast suyu taşımaktadır. Bu taşınım esnasında dünyanın biyocoğrafik bölgeleri arasında yer değiştiren türler oldukça önemli ekolojik, ekonomik ve sağlık sorunlarının yaşanmasına neden olmaktadır. Balast suyu, diğer kirleticilerin aksine, zararlarının zamanla artma potansiyeli nedeniyle gemi kökenli kirleticiler arasında en büyük öneme sahip kirletici olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Gerek 2017 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren IMO Gemilerin Balast Suyu ve Sedimanlarının Kontrolü ve Yönetimi Uluslararası Sözleşmesi gerekse 2012 yılında yürürlüğe giren ABD Mevzuatı (Final Rule), deşarj edilecek balast suyunda beher hacimde bulunabilecek organizmaları sınırlandıran standartlar getirmiştir. Mevcut uygulamada bu şartların sağlanması için gemilerin balast suyu arıtma sistemi ile donatılması gerekmektedir. Verimliliği çeşitli faktörlere bağlı olan ancak kurulum ve işletim maliyeti milyon dolar mertebelerinde olan sistemler gemilere kurulsa da çevresel risklerin devam edeceğine, yasal yükümlüklerin karşılanamayabileceğine ve dolayısıyla gemi sahiplerinin yaptırımlarla karşılaşabileceğine dair endişeler devam etmektedir. Bu endişeler balast suyu arıtımı yerine uygulanabilecek daha farklı çözümler üretmeye yönelik çalışmalara hız kazandırmıştır. Gemilerin Standart balastlı gemi yaklaşımına alternatif yaklaşımlarla tasarlanarak inşa edilmesi 2000’li yıllardan beri farklı çözüm arayışları içerisinde yer almaktadır. Balastız ilk LNG tedarik gemisinin 2018’de denize indirilmesiyle gemi inşa sanayinde yeni bir rekabet alanı açılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, balast suyunun vazgeçilmez olarak kabul edildiği mevcut gemi inşa anlayışında yaşanmakta olan paradigma değişikliğine dikkat çekilmekte; balastsız gemi üretilmesi için yapılan araştırma ve geliştirme faaliyetleri ve de gelinen mevcut durum özetlenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Balastsız gemi, Balast suyu, İstilacı türler, Sıfır balastlı gemi

Paradigm Shift in Ship Design: Ballastless Ship

As an indispensable component of the traditional shipbuilding approach, ships carry billions of tons of ballast water each year, as well as commercial products. Species translocated between the world's biogeographic regions during this transport cause important ecological, economic, and health problems. Ballast water, unlike other pollutants, is considered to be the most important pollutant among ship-borne pollutants due to potential increase in its harm over time. Both the IMO International Convention on the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, which entered into force in 2017, and the US Legislation (Final Rule), which entered into force in 2012, have introduced standards that limit the organisms that can be found in the ballast water to be discharged. In current practice, ships must be equipped with a ballast water treatment system to meet these standards. Even if the systems, whose efficiency depends on various factors, but whose installation and operating costs are in the millions of dollars, are installed on ships, there are still concerns that environmental risks will continue, legal obligations may not be met, and therefore ship owners may face sanctions. These concerns have accelerated the efforts to produce different solutions that can be applied instead of ballast water treatment. The design and construction of ships with alternative approaches to the standard ballasted ship approach have been in search of different solutions since the 2000s. With the launch of the first non-ballast LNG bunkering ship in 2018, a new competitive field has been opened in the shipbuilding industry. In this study, attention is drawn to the paradigm shift in the current understanding of shipbuilding, in which ballast water is considered indispensable; The research and development activities for the production of ballastless ships and the current situation are summarized.

Keywords:

Ballast-free ship, Ballast water, Invasive species, Zero ballast ship,

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