Güneş pili ile beslenen şebeke etkileşimli eviriciler - genel bir bakış

Bu çalışmada güneş enerjisinden üretilen elektrik enerjisinin daha verimli ve etkin bir biçimde kullanılmasını sağlamak amacıyla kullanılan şebeke etkileşimli eviricilere genel bir bakış sunulmaktadır. Evirici yapılarının tarihi gelişimi, günümüz topolojileri, gelecekteki beklenti ve eğilimler araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, şebeke etkileşimli eviricilerde bulunması gereken özellikler ile şebekeye bağlantı şartlarını belirleyen uluslararası standartlar sunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak geçmişten günümüze incelenen eviriciler verim, maliyet, boyut, güvenilirlik ve güvenlik gibi kriterlere bağlı olarak karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde sunulmuş ve araştırmacıların evirici seçiminde kullanabileceği kapsamlı bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Grid interactive photovaltaic inverters - a review

In this study, a review is proposed about the grid interactive inverters, used to utilize the electrical energy, produced from solar energy, more efficiently and effectively. The historical evolution of the inverters, present topologies and the future trends are investigated. Also the specifications that the inverters have to support and the international standards that specify the needed requirements for grid interactive systems are proposed. Finally the inverters researched up to present are comparatively proposed according to criteria’s such as cost, efficiency, reliability and safety, and a comprehensive study has been realized that can be used in inverter selection by the researchers.

PDF

___

1. Saha, S., Sundarsingh, V.P., “Novel Grid- Connected Photovoltaic Inverter”, Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-Volume 143, Issue 2, 219–224, 1996.
2. Barbosa, P.G., Rolim, L.G.B., Watanabe, E.H., Hanitsch, R., “Control Strategy for Grid- Connected DC-AC Converters with Load Power Factor Correction, Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings, Volume: 145, Issue: 5, 487-491, 1998.
3. Beck, M. K., “A Comprehensive Solar Electric System for Remote Areas” The International Journal on The Science and Technology Of Desalting and Water Purification (Desalination), Vol. 209, Issue 1-3, 312–318, 2007.
4. Godoy, R.B., Maia, H.Z., Filho, F.J. T., Galotto, L.;. Pinto, J.O. P, Tatibana, G.S., “Design and Implementation of a Utility Interactive Converter for Small Distributed Generation” Industry Applications Conference, 41st IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the, IEEE, Volume 2, Florida, USA, 1032 – 1038, 8-12 Oct. 2006.
5. Shireen, W., Arefeen, M. S., “An utility interactive power electronics interface for alternate/renewable energy systems”, Energy Conversion, IEEE Transaction on, Volume 11, Issue 3, 643 – 649, 1996.
6. Gu, H., Yang, Z., Wang, D., Wu, W., “Research on Control Method of Double-Mode Inverter with Grid-Connection and Stand Alone”, Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, IPEMC '06, CES/IEEE 5th International, Vol. 1, Shanghai, China, 1 - 5, Aug. 2006 2006.
7. Li, Q., Wolfs, P., “Recent Developments in the Topologies for Photovoltaic Module Integrated Converters”, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC '06. 37th IEEE, Jeju, Korea, 1 – 8, 18-22 June 2006
8. Alepuz, S., Gilabert, A., Arguelles, E., Bordonau, J., Peracaula, J., “A New Approach for the Connection of a Three-Level Inverter to the Power Grid for Applications in Solar Energy Conversion”, IEEE 28th Annual Conference of the Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 02, Volume 4, Sevilla, Spain, 3285 – 3290, 5-8 Nov. 2002.
9. Calais, M., Myrzik, J., Spooner, T., Agelidis, V. G., “Inverters for Single-Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems—An Overview” Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC’02, IEEE, Vol. 2, Queensland, Australia, 1995–2000, 23 - 27 June 2002.
10. Rahim, N. A., Selvaraj, J.,Krismanidata, “Hysteresis Current Control and Sensorless MPPT for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems” Industrial Electronics, ISIE 2007, IEEE International Symposium on, Vigo, Spain, 572 - 577, 4-7 June 2007.
11. Jung, S., Bae, Y., Choi, S., Kim, H., “A Low Cost Utility Interactive Inverter for Residantial Power Generation” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC '06, 37th IEEE, Jeju, Korea, 1 – 6, 18-22 June 2006
12. Nonaka, S., Kesamaru, K., Yamasaki, K., Nishi, N., ”Interconnection System with Single Phase IGBT PWM CSI Between Photovoltaic Arrays and the Utility Line” Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE, Vol.2, Seattle, USA, 1302 – 1307, 7-12 Oct. 1990
13. Zue A.O., Chandra A., “Simulation and Stability Analysis of A 100 KW Grid Connected LCL Photovoltaic Inverter For Industry”, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2006. IEEE, Montréal (Québec) Canada, 1-6, 18-22 June 2006.
14. Hohm, D. P., Ropp, M.E., “Comparative Study of Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms”, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 11, Issue 1, 47 – 62, 2002.
15. Walker, G., “Evaluating MPPT Converter Topologies Using a MATLAB PV Model” Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Australia, Vol. 21, No:1, 49-56, 2001.
16. Enslin, J., H. R., Wolf, M. S., Synman, D. B., Swiegers, W.,”Integrated Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Converter”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 6, 769-773, 1997.
17. Calais, M., Hınz, H., “A Ripple-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm For A Single- Phase, Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System”, Solar Energy, Vol. 63, No. 5, 277–282, 1998.
18. Patcharaprakiti, N., Premrudeepreechacharn, S., Sriuthaisiriwong, Y., “Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Control for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 30, 1771–1788, 2005.
19. Yuvarajan, S., Yu D., Xu, S., “A Novel Power Converter for Photovoltaic Applications” Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 135, 327–331, 2004.
20. Wang, X., Kazerani, M., “A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Inverters”, The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON '03, Volume 3, Virginia, USA, 2332 – 2337, 2-6 Nov. 2003.
21. Ahmed, T., Nakaoka, M., Nagai, S., “Utility Grid Interfaced PV Power Conditioner Using Boost Chopper-Four Switch Three Phase Inverter with A Novel Quasi Resonant DC Link Snubber” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC '06, Twenty-First Annual IEEE, Dallas, Texas, USA, 1081-1087, 19-23 March 2006.
22. Hojo, M., Ohnishi, T., “Adjustable Harmonic Mitigation for Grid-Connection Photovoltaic System Utilizing Surplus Capacity of Utility Interactive Inverter”, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC '06, 37 th IEEE, Jeju, Korea 1 - 6, 18-22 June 2006.
23. Kang, F., Park, S. J., Cho, S. E., Kim, J. M., “Photovoltaic power interface circuit incorporated with a buck-boost converter and a full-bridge inverter”, Applied Energy, Vol. 82, 266–283, 2005.
24. Kjaer, S. B., Pederson, J. K., Blaabjerg, F., “A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaik Modules”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Aplications, Vol. 41, No.5, 1292-1306, 2005.
25. Myrzik, J. M. A., Calais, M., “String and Module Integrated Inverters for Single-Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems - A Review” 2003 IEEE Power Tech Conference, Vol 2, Bologna, Italy, 1-8, 23-26 June 2003.
26. Masoud K., Ledwich G., “Aspects of Grid Interfacing: Current and Voltage Controllers”, Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference and IEAust Electric Energy Conference, AUPEC/EECON'99, Darwin Australia, 260-265, 26-29 September 1999.
27. Sefa,I., Altin, N., “Simulation of Current Controlled Grid Interactive Inverter” Conference on Technical and Physical Problems in Power Engineering, TPE-2006 3rd, Ankara, Turkey, 964-968, 29-31 May 2006.
28. Patcharaprakiti, N., Premrudeepreechacharn, S., “Maximum power point tracking using adaptive fuzzy logic control for grid-connected photovoltaic system”, Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, IEEE, Volume 1, New York, USA, 372 – 377, 27-31 Jan. 2002.
29. Uemara, N., Yokoyama, T., “Current Control Method Using Voltage Deadbeat Control for Single Phase Utility Interactive Inverter”, Telecommunications Energy Conference, INTELEC '03, The 25th International, Yokohama, Japan, 40-45, 19-23 Oct. 2003.
30. Yu, H., Pan, J., Xiang, A., “A Multi-Function Grid-Connected PV System with Reactive Power Compensation for the Grid”, Solar Energy, Vol. 79, 101–106, 2005.
31. Hirachi, K., Tomokuni, Y., “Improved Control Strategy to Eliminate The Harmonic Current Components for Single Phase PWM Current Source Inverter”, Telecommunications Energy Conference, 1997. INTELEC 97, 19th International, Melbourne, Australia, 189 – 194, 19-23 Oct. 1997.
32. Baker, D. M., Agelidis, V. G., Chen, J. Y., “A Five Level Zero Average Current Error Controlled Single-Phase Grid-Interactive Inverter” Power Electronic Drives and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth, International Conference on, PEDES’98, IEEE, Volume 1, Perth, Western Australia, 50-55, 1-3 Dec. 1998.
33. Hudson, R.M., Thorne, T., Mekanik, F., Behnke, M.R., Gonzalez, S., Ginn, J., “Implementation And Testing Of Anti-Islanding Algorithms For IEEE 929-2000 Compliance Of Single Phase Photovoltaic Inverters”, Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1414 – 1419, 19-24 May 2002.
34. Woyte, A., Belmans, R., Nijs J., “Testing The Islanding Protection Function Of Photovoltaic Inverters” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 18, Issue 1, 157 – 162, 2003.
35. Tunlasakun, K., Kirtikara, K., Thepa, S., Monyakul, V., “A Microcontroller Based Islanding Detection For Grid Connected Inverter”, The 47th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Volume 3, Hiroshima, Japan, 267-275, 25-28 July 2004.
36. Hung, G. K., Chang, C. C., Chen, C. L., “Automatic Phase-Shift Method For Islanding Detection Of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Inverters”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Volume 18, Issue 1, 169 – 173, 2003.
37. Jeong., J.,B.,Kim, H. J., Back, S. H., Ahn, K. S., “An Improved Method for Anti-Islanding by Reactive Power Control” Electrical Machines and Systems, ICEMS 2005, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on, Volume 2, Nanjing, China, 965 – 970, 27-29 Sept. 2005.
38. Vachtsevanos, G., Kang, H., “Simulation Studies of Islanded Behavior of Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems” Energy Conversion, IEEE Transaction on, Volume 4, Issue 2, 177 – 183, 1989.
39. Enslin, J. H.R., Heskes, P. J. M., “Harmonic between a Large Number of Distributed Power Inverters and the Distribution Network”, IEEE Transaction On Power Electronics, Vol. 19, No. 6, 1586-1593, 2004.
40. Tirumala, R., Mohan,N. Henze, C., “Seamless Transfer of Grid Connected PWM Inverters between Utility-Interactive and Stand-Alone Modes” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC 2002, Seventeenth Annual IEEE, Volume 2, Los Cabos, Mexico, 1081-1086, 10-14 March 2002.
41. Yu., Taesik, Choi, S., Kim, H., “Indirect Current Control Algorithm for Utility Interactive Inverters for Seamless Transfer” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC '06, 37th IEEE, Jeju, Korea, 1 – 6, 18-22 June 2006.
42. Yao, Z., Wang, L. X., Yan, Y., “A Novel Control Strategy for Grid-Interactive Inverters in Grid- Connected and Stand-Alone Modes” Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC '06, Twenty-First Annual IEEE, Dallas, Texas, USA, 779 – 783, 19-23 March 2006.
43. Tao, H., Duarte, J. L., Hendrix, M. A. M., “Control of Grid-Interactive Inverters as Used in Small Distrubuted Generators” Industry Applications Conference, 42nd IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2007 IEEE, Louisiana, USA 1574 – 1581, 23-27 Sept. 2007.
44. Li, H., Wang, K., Zhang, D., Ren, W., “Improved Performance and Control Of Hybrid Cascaded HBridge Inverter for Utility Interactive Renewable Energy Applications” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC 2007, IEEE, Florida, USA, 2465 - 2471, 17-21 June 2007.
45. Gu, H., Yang, Z., Wang, D., Wu, W., “Research on Control Method of Double-Mode Inverter with Grid-Connection and Stand-Alone” Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, IPEMC '06, CES/IEEE 5th International, Volume 1, Shanghai, China, 1 – 5, 14-16 Aug. 2006.
46. Yu, T., Choi, S. Kim, H., “Indirect Current Control Algorithm for Utility Interactive Inverters for Seamless Transfer” Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC 2007, IEEE, Florida, USA, 2465 – 2471, 17-21 June 2007.
47. Chung S. K., “Phase-Locked Loop For Grid- Connected Three-Phase Power Conversion Systems”, Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings, Volume 147, Issue 3, 213 – 219, 2000.
48. Svensson J., “Synchronisation Methods For Grid- Connected Voltage Source Converters”, Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings, Volume 148, Issue 3, 229 – 235, 2001.
49. Kaura, V., Blasko, V., “Operation Of A Phase Locked Loop System Under Distorted Utility Conditions”, Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 33, Issue 1, 58 – 63, 1997.
50. Arruda, L.N., Silva, S.M., Filho, B.J.C., “Pll Structures For Utility Connected Systems”, Thirty-Sixth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the Industry Applications Conference, IEEE, Volume 4, Illinois, USA, 2655 – 2660, 30 Sept.-4 Oct. 2001.
51. Arruda, L.N., Filho, B.J.C., Silva, S.M., Silva, S.R., Diniz, A.S.A.C., ”Wide Bandwidth Single And Three-Phase PLL Structures For Grid-Tied PV Systems”, Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Conference Record of the Twenty-Eighth IEEE, Alaska, USA, 1660 – 1663, 15-22 Sept. 2000.
52. Silva, S.M., Lopes, B.M., Filho, B.J.C., Campana, R.P., Bosventura, W.C., “Performance Evaluation of PLL Algorithms for Single-Phase Grid-Connected Systems”, Industry Applications Conference, 39th IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2004 IEEE, Volume 4, Seattle, USA, 2259 – 2263, 3-7 Oct. 2004.
53. IEC Standard 61727, "Characteristic of the utility interface for photovoltaic (PV) systems", 2002
54. EN 61000-3-2, International Standard “Limits For Harmonic Current Emissions (Equipment Input Current_____16A per Phase), 1995.
55. IEEE Std 1547, IEEE Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems, 2007
56. EN 50330-1, European Standard, Photovoltaic Semiconductor Converters Part 1: Utility Interactive Fail Safe Protective Interface for PVLine Commutated Converters—Design Qualification and Type Approval, 1999.
57. IEEE Std. 929-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, lnstiute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, NY, 2000.
58. 2005 National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA70, Published by the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2004.
59. Asiminoaei, L., Teodorescu, R., Blaabjerg, F., Borup, U., “Implementation and Test of an Online Embedded Grid Impedance Estimation Technique for PV Inverters”, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 4, 1136 – 1144, 2005.
60. Liserre, M., Teodorescu, R., Blaabjerg, F., “Stability of Grid-Connected PV Inverters with Large Grid Impedance Variation”, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC 04, IEEE 35th Annual, Volume 4, Aachen, Germany, 4773 – 4779, 20-25 June 2004.
61. Matsui, K., Ishigure, N., Ueda, F., ”On-Line Impedance Meter To Measure The Impedance Of A Distribution Line Using Inverter”, Industrial Electronics Society, IECON '01, The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE, Volume 2, Colarado, USA, 1230 – 1236, 29 Nov.-2 Dec. 2001.
62. Acharyya, D., Plusquellic, J., “Impedance Profile Of A Commercial Power Grid And Test System”, International Test Conference Proceedings, ITC 2003, Volume 1, Charlotte, NC, USA, 709 – 718, Sept. 30-Oct. 2, 2003.
63. Liserre,M., Blaabjerg, F., Teoderoscu, R., “Grid Impedance Detection Via Excitation of LCLFilter Resonance” Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 43, Issue 5, 1401 – 1407, 2007.
64. Engel, B., Meinhardt, M., “State of the Art and Future Trends of PV-System-Technology”, ECPE Seminar: Renewable Energies, 9-10 February 2006, Kassel Germany
65. Kjaer, S. B., Pedersen, J. K., Blaabjerg, F., “Power Inverter Topologies for Photovoltaic Modules – A Review”, Industry Applications Conference, 37th IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the, Vol. 2, Pennsylvania, USA, 782-788, 13-18 Oct. 2002.
66. Al-Nasseri, H., Redfern, M. A., “Solid-State Converter Topologies for Interfacing DC Sources with Utility Power Systems”, Universities Power Engineering Conference, UPEC 2004, 39th International, Vol. 1, Bristol, UK., 629-633, 6-8 Sept. 2004.
67. Maranda, W., Mey, G., Vos, A., “Optimization of the Master-Slave Inverter System for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Plants” Energy Conversion and Management,” Vol. 39, No. 3, 1239-1246, 1998.
68. Calais, M., Agelidis, V. G., Meinhardt, M., “Multilevel Converters For Single-Phase Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems: An Overview” Solar Energy, Vol. 66, No. 5, 325–335, 1999.
69. Cramer, G., Toenges, K. H., “Einsatz der Modularen Systemtechnik (String-WR) zur Netzkopplung von PV-Anglagen im Leistungsbereich von 100kW-1MW“, 12 Symposium Photovoltische Sonnenenergie, Staffelstein, Germany, 1997.
70. Faiman, D., Bermana D., Heldc, E. Oldenkamp, H. “Study of AC-module inverters under extreme desert conditions” Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 75, 629–635, 2003.
71. Krampitz, I., Kreutzman, A., “From Masterpiece to Team Work, Inverter Market Survey: SMA’s New Circuit Concept Promises Higher Yields”, Photon, Vol. 3, 56-67, 2002.
72. Meinhardt, M., Cramer, G., Greizer, F. “Technische Innovationen im Boomenden Markt der PV Systemtechnik“, 18 Symposium Photovoltische Sonnenenergie, Staffelstein, Germany, 2003.
73. Meinhardt, M., Cramer, G., “Cost Reduction Through New PV System Technolgy”, Kasseler Symposium Energie Systemtechnik, ISET, Kassel, Germany, 152-168, 2000.
74. Meinhardt, M., Cramer, G., “Multi-String Converter – The Next Step in Evolution of the String Converter Technology, 9th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, EPE 2001, Graz, Austria, 1-9, 27-29 August 2001.
75. Verhoeven, S. A. M.,” Utility Aspects of Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems”, International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems, IEA PVPS T5-01, 1998.
76. Haeberlin, H., “Evolution of Inverters for Grid Connected PV Systems from 1989 2000”, in Proc. 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, 782-788, 22-26 Oct., 2001.
77. Schmidt, H., Burger, B., Siedle, C., “Gefahrdungspotenzial Transformatorloser Wechselrichter - Fakten und Gerüchte“, 18 Symposium Photovoltische Sonnenenergie, Staffelstein, Germany, 2003.
78. Schmidt, H., Burger, B., Siedle, C., “Die HERIC Wechelrichter - Topologie“, 18 Symposium Photovoltische Sonnenenergie, Staffelstein, Germany, 2003.
79. Myrzik, J. M.A., “Novel Inverter Topologies for Single-phase stand-Alone or Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System” 4th IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, IEEE PEDS, Vol. 1, Bali, Indonesia, 103-108, 22-25 October 2001.
80. Schekulin, D., Patentschrift DE 197 32 218 C1, Bundesrepublik, Deutchland, Deutches Patentarnt, March, 1999.
81. Wilk, H., Ruoss, D., Toggweiler, P., “Innovative Electrical Concepts”, International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems, IEA PVPS 7-07, 2002.
82. Riatsch, J., Stemmler, H., Schmidt, R., “Single Cell Module Integrated Converter System For Photovoltaic Energy Generation“, 7th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, EPE’97, Vol. 1 Trondheim, Norway, 71-77, 1997.