Experimental investigation of engineering properties of silica sand filled mortars containing high doses of SWCNT

Experimental investigation of engineering properties of silica sand filled mortars containing high doses of SWCNT

Recently, great efforts have been made by researchers on the mixture of electrically conductive concretes that have been developed for different purposes. In this study, an experimental research was carried out on electrically conductive mortar mixtures especially for shell elements produced for building facade cladding. Six different mixtures were produced, including the non-conductive reference mixture. Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) was used as nano-sized conductive additive material. SWCNT was added at 0.2% and 0.3% of cement weight. SF was added to the same mixtures as another group at the rate of 4% by total weight. 2, 14, 28, 90 and 180 days electrical resistivities of the obtained conductive mortar samples were measured. As a non-destructive method, dynamic resonance testing was performed and the 28-day damping rates of the samples were determined. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and Leeb hardness tests were performed, respectively, by using other non-destructive testing methods to obtain information about the internal structure voids and surface hardness of the samples. SWCNT, which causes low machinability and therefore internal structure voids, caused a decrease in compressive strength and flexural strength, as well as a significant increase in electrical conductivity.

___

  • [1] V. Nežerka, P. Bílý, V. Hrbek, J. Fládr, Impact of silica fume, fly ash, and metakaolin on the thickness and strength of the ITZ in concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites. 103 (2019) 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.05.012.
  • [2] B.J. Zhan, D.X. Xuan, C.S. Poon, The effect of nanoalumina on early hydration and mechanical properties of cement pastes, Construction and Building Materials. 202 (2019) 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.022.
  • [3] M. Rupasinghe, R. San Nicolas, P. Mendis, M. Sofi, T. Ngo, Investigation of strength and hydration characteristics in nano-silica incorporated cement paste, Cement and Concrete Composites. 80 (2017) 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.011.
  • [4] C. Zhou, F. Li, J. Hu, M. Ren, J. Wei, Q. Yu, Enhanced mechanical properties of cement paste by hybrid graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes, Construction and Building Materials. 134 (2017) 336–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.147.
  • [5] T.N.M. Nguyen, D.-Y. Yoo, J.J. Kim, Cementitious material reinforced by carbon nanotube-Nylon 66 hybrid nanofibers: Mechanical strength and microstructure analysis, Materials Today Communications. 23 (2020) 100845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100845.
  • [6] K. Gopalakrishnan, B. Birgisson, P. Taylor, N.O. Attoh-Okine, eds., Nanotechnology in Civil Infrastructure, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16657-0.
  • [7] P.A. Danoglidis, M.S. Konsta-Gdoutos, E.E. Gdoutos, S.P. Shah, Strength, energy absorption capability and self-sensing properties of multifunctional carbon nanotube reinforced mortars, Construction and Building Materials. 120 (2016) 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.049.
  • [8] L.X. Zheng, M.J. O’Connell, S.K. Doorn, X.Z. Liao, Y.H. Zhao, E.A. Akhadov, M.A. Hoffbauer, B.J. Roop, Q.X. Jia, R.C. Dye, D.E. Peterson, S.M. Huang, J. Liu, Y.T. Zhu, Ultralong single-wall carbon nanotubes, Nature Materials. 3 (2004) 673–676. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1216.
  • [9] J.M. Makar, G.W. Chan, Growth of Cement Hydration Products on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 92 (2009) 1303–1310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03055.x.
  • [10] L. Raki, J. Beaudoin, R. Alizadeh, J. Makar, T. Sato, Cement and Concrete Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Materials. 3 (2010) 918–942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3020918.
  • [11] M.S. Konsta-Gdoutos, Z.S. Metaxa, S.P. Shah, Highly dispersed carbon nanotube reinforced cement based materials, Cement and Concrete Research. 40 (2010) 1052–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.015.
  • [12] S. Parveen, S. Rana, R. Fangueiro, M.C. Paiva, Microstructure and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced cementitious composites developed using a novel dispersion technique, Cement and Concrete Research. 73 (2015) 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.03.006.
  • [13] R.K. Abu Al-Rub, A.I. Ashour, B.M. Tyson, On the aspect ratio effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforcements on the mechanical properties of cementitious nanocomposites, Construction and Building Materials. 35 (2012) 647–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.086.
  • [14] J.-H. Kim, I.-J. Choi, C.-W. Chung, Dispersion of single wall carbon nanotube using air entraining agent and its application to portland cement paste, Construction and Building Materials. 302 (2021) 124421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124421.
  • [15] T. Hu, H. Jing, L. Li, Q. Yin, X. Shi, Z. Zhao, Humic acid assisted stabilization of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes in cementitious composites, Nanotechnology Reviews. 8 (2019) 513–522. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0046.
  • [16] B.M. TYSON, Carbon nanotube and nanofiber reinforcement for improving the flexural strength and fracture toughness of Portland cement paste, Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A & M University. (2012).
  • [17] A.M. Brandt, Fibre reinforced cement-based (FRC) composites after over 40 years of development in building and civil engineering, Composite Structures. 86 (2008) 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.03.006.
  • [18] G.S. Ryu, S.H. Kim, G.H. Ahn, K.T. Koh, Evaluation of the Direct Tensile Behavioral Characteristics of UHPC Using Twisted Steel Fibers, Advanced Materials Research. 602–604 (2012) 96–101. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.602-604.96.
  • [19] Ş. Yazıcı, G. İnan, V. Tabak, Effect of aspect ratio and volume fraction of steel fiber on the mechanical properties of SFRC, Construction and Building Materials. 21 (2007) 1250–1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.025.
  • [20] S. Kakooei, H.M. Akil, M. Jamshidi, J. Rouhi, The effects of polypropylene fibers on the properties of reinforced concrete structures, Construction and Building Materials. 27 (2012) 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.015.
  • [21] Y. Su, J. Li, C. Wu, P. Wu, Z.-X. Li, Effects of steel fibres on dynamic strength of UHPC, Construction and Building Materials. 114 (2016) 708–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.007.
  • [22] X. Liang, C. Wu, Investigation on Thermal Conductivity of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Using Mesoscale Modeling, International Journal of Thermophysics. 39 (2018) 142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-018-2465-1.
  • [23] X. Liang, C. Wu, Meso-scale modelling of steel fibre reinforced concrete with high strength, Construction and Building Materials. 165 (2018) 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.028.
  • [24] S. Van Damme, A. Franchois, D. De Zutter, L. Taerwe, Nondestructive determination of the steel fiber content in concrete slabs with an open-ended coaxial probe, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 42 (2004) 2511–2521. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2004.837332.
  • [25] S.H. Lee, S. Kim, D.-Y. Yoo, Hybrid effects of steel fiber and carbon nanotube on self-sensing capability of ultra-high-performance concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 185 (2018) 530–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.071.
  • [26] H.M. Park, G.M. Kim, S.Y. Lee, H. Jeon, S.Y. Kim, M. Kim, J.W. Kim, Y.C. Jung, B.J. Yang, Electrical resistivity reduction with pitch-based carbon fiber into multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-embedded cement composites, Construction and Building Materials. 165 (2018) 484–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.205.
  • [27] M. Marasli, S. Subasi, H. Dehghanpour, Development of a maturity method for GFRC shell concretes with different fiber ratios, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. 26 (2022). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2022.2028190.
  • [28] S. SUBASI, H. DEHGHANPOUR, M. MARASLI, Production and Characterization of GRC-SWCNT Composites for Shell Elements, Materials Science. (2022). https://doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.29008.
  • [29] H. DEHGHANPOUR, K. YILMAZ, Heat Behavior of Electrically Conductive Concretes with and without Rebar Reinforcement, Materials Science. 26 (2020) 471–476. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.23053.
  • [30] A.S. El-Dieb, M.A. El-Ghareeb, M.A.H. Abdel-Rahman, E.S.A. Nasr, Multifunctional electrically conductive concrete using different fillers, Journal of Building Engineering. 15 (2018) 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.10.012.
  • [31] ASTM C597, Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete, American Society for Testing and Materials. (2009).
  • [32] ASTM C215, Standard Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete Specimens, American Society for Testing and Materials. (2019).
  • [33] ASTM A956, Standard Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products, American Society for Testing and Materials. (2006).
  • [34] TS EN 196-1, Methods of testing cement–Part 1: Determination of strength, Turkish Standard. (2005).
  • [35] H. Dehghanpour, K. Yilmaz, F. Afshari, M. Ipek, Electrically conductive concrete: A laboratory-based investigation and numerical analysis approach, Construction and Building Materials. 260 (2020) 119948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119948.
  • [36] J. Tian, C. Fan, T. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Rock breaking mechanism in percussive drilling with the effect of high-frequency torsional vibration, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects. 0 (2019) 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1650138.
  • [37] J. Luo, Z. Duan, G. Xian, Q. Li, T. Zhao, Damping Performances of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Cement Composite, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures. 22 (2015) 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2012.736052.
  • [38] H. Dehghanpour, S. Subasi, S. Guntepe, M. Emiroglu, M. Marasli, Investigation of fracture mechanics, physical and dynamic properties of UHPCs containing PVA, glass and steel fibers, Construction and Building Materials. 328 (2022) 127079. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127079.
  • [39] A. Kabirova, M. Uysal, M. Hüsem, Y. Aygörmez, H. Dehghanpour, S. Pul, O. Canpolat, Physical and mechanical properties of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars containing various waste powders, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. (2022) 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2022.2050303.
  • [40] Z. Song, X. Xue, Y. Li, J. Yang, Z. He, S. Shen, L. Jiang, W. Zhang, L. Xu, H. Zhang, J. Qu, W. Ji, T. Zhang, L. Huo, B. Wang, X. Lin, N. Zhang, Experimental exploration of the waterproofing mechanism of inorganic sodium silicate-based concrete sealers, Construction and Building Materials. 104 (2016) 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.069.
  • [41] M. Gomez-Heras, D. Benavente, C. Pla, J. Martinez-Martinez, R. Fort, V. Brotons, Ultrasonic pulse velocity as a way of improving uniaxial compressive strength estimations from Leeb hardness measurements, Construction and Building Materials. 261 (2020) 119996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119996.
  • [42] M.Á. García-Del-Cura, D. Benavente, J. Martínez-Martínez, N. Cueto, Sedimentary structures and physical properties of travertine and carbonate tufa building stone, Construction and Building Materials. 28 (2012) 456–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.042.
  • [43] H. Dehghanpour, F. Doğan, K. Yılmaz, Development of CNT–CF–Al2O3-CMC gel-based cementitious repair composite, Journal of Building Engineering. 45 (2022) 103474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103474.
  • [44] J. Kang, S. Al-sabah, Effect of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Strength Properties of Cement Composites, Materials. (2020) 1–21.
  • [45] S. Musso, J.M. Tulliani, G. Ferro, A. Tagliaferro, Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites, Composites Science and Technology. 69 (2009) 1985–1990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.05.002.
  • [46] N.J. Saleh, R.I. Ibrahim, A.D. Salman, Characterization of nano-silica prepared from local silica sand and its application in cement mortar using optimization technique, Advanced Powder Technology. 26 (2015) 1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2015.05.008.
  • [47] T.-V. Huynh, Y. Seo, D. Lee, The Effect of Silica Sand Proportion in Laser Scabbling Process on Cement Mortar, Metals. 11 (2021) 1914. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121914.
  • [48] H. Lee, D. Kang, J. Kim, K. Choi, W. Chung, Void detection of cementitious grout composite using single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Cement and Concrete Composites. 95 (2019) 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.10.003.
  • [49] M.A. Mousavi, A. Bahari, Influence of functionalized MWCNT on microstructure and mechanical properties of cement paste, Sādhanā. 44 (2019) 103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-019-1087-z.